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Metacognition has been recognized as an essential skill for academic success and for performance in solving problems. During learning or problem-solving, metacognitive skills facilitate a range of cognitive and affective processes, leading…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Bostjan Bubnic , Željko Kovačević , Tomaž Kosar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on programming tasks, but can they generate student-like code like real students - imperfect, iterative, and stylistically diverse? We present ParaStudent, a systematic study of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Mihran Miroyan , Rose Niousha , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Gireeja Ranade , Narges Norouzi

Contribution: This study examined student effort and performance in an introductory programming course with respect to student-held implicit theories and self-efficacy. Background: Implicit theories and self-efficacy shed a light into…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-09-03 F. Boray Tek , Kristin S. Benli , Ezgi Deveci

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have quickly become part of student programmers' toolkits, whether allowed by instructors or not. This paper examines how introductory programming (CS1) students integrate LLMs into their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jade Hak , Nathaniel Lam Johnson , Matin Amoozadeh , Amin Alipour , Souti Chattopadhyay

The rapid rise of large language models (LLMs) is reshaping the landscape of automatic assessment in education. While these systems demonstrate substantial advantages in adaptability to diverse question types and flexibility in output…

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the ability to perform tasks in the field of code generation. However, there is still a gap between LLMs being capable coders and being top-tier software engineers. Based on the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Jie JW Wu

Students are able to produce correctly functioning program code even though they have a fragile understanding of how it actually works. Questions derived automatically from individual exercise submissions (QLC) can probe if and how well the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Teemu Lehtinen , Otto Seppälä , Ari Korhonen

Computing students increasingly rely on generative AI tools for programming assistance, often without formal instruction or guidance. This highlights a need to teach students how to effectively interact with AI models, particularly through…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Paul Denny , Alkis Gotovos , Adish Singla

Debugging consumes a substantial portion of the software development lifecycle, yet the effectiveness of Large Language Models(LLMs) in this task is not well understood. Competitive programming offers a rich benchmark for such evaluation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Nabiha Parvez , Tanvin Sarkar Pallab , Mia Mohammad Imran , Tarannum Shaila Zaman

While Large language model (LLM)-based programming assistants such as CoPilot and ChatGPT can help improve the productivity of professional software developers, they can also facilitate cheating in introductory computer programming courses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Saiful Islam Salim , Rubin Yuchan Yang , Alexander Cooper , Suryashree Ray , Saumya Debray , Sazzadur Rahaman

A significant portion of student programming submissions in CS1 learning environments are uncompilable, limiting their use in student modeling and downstream knowledge tracing. Traditional modeling pipelines often exclude these cases,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Griffin Pitts , Aum Pandya , Darsh Rank , Tirth Bhatt , Muntasir Hoq , Bita Akram

Pre-trained language models (PLMs) may fail in giving reliable estimates of their predictive uncertainty. We take a close look into this problem, aiming to answer two questions: (1) Do PLMs learn to become calibrated in the training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Yangyi Chen , Lifan Yuan , Ganqu Cui , Zhiyuan Liu , Heng Ji

Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing education, with LLM-based agents playing a key role in simulating student behavior. A major challenge in student simulation is modeling the diverse learning patterns of students at various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tao Wu , Jingyuan Chen , Wang Lin , Mengze Li , Yumeng Zhu , Ang Li , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

We present a method for systematically evaluating the correctness and robustness of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) for code generation via a new benchmark, Turbulence. Turbulence consists of a large set of natural language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Shahin Honarvar , Mark van der Wilk , Alastair Donaldson

Recently, scaling test-time compute on Large Language Models (LLM) has garnered wide attention. However, there has been limited investigation of how various reasoning prompting strategies perform as scaling. In this paper, we focus on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yexiang Liu , Zekun Li , Zhi Fang , Nan Xu , Ran He , Tieniu Tan

Prompting foundation models (FMs) like large language models (LLMs) have enabled new AI-powered software features (e.g., text summarization) that previously were only possible by fine-tuning FMs. Now, developers are embedding prompts in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Jenny T. Liang , Chenyang Yang , Agnia Sergeyuk , Travis D. Breaux , Brad A. Myers

Prompt-based probing has been widely used in evaluating the abilities of pretrained language models (PLMs). Unfortunately, recent studies have discovered such an evaluation may be inaccurate, inconsistent and unreliable. Furthermore, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Boxi Cao , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Fangchao Liu , Le Sun

Understanding program code is a complicated endeavor. As such, myriad different factors can influence the outcome. Investigations of program comprehension, and in particular those using controlled experiments, have to take these factors…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Dror G. Feitelson

Reading code is an essential activity in software maintenance and evolution. Several studies with human subjects have investigated how different factors, such as the employed programming constructs and naming conventions, can impact code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Delano Oliveira , Reydne Bruno , Fernanda Madeiral , Fernando Castor

Recent advances in reasoning with large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on complex mathematical tasks, including combinatorial optimization. Techniques such as Chain-of-Thought and In-Context Learning have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Marylou Fauchard , Florian Carichon , Margarida Carvalho , Golnoosh Farnadi