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Nowadays, pretrained models are increasingly used as general-purpose backbones and adapted at test-time to downstream environments where target data are scarce and unlabeled. While this paradigm has proven effective for improving clean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Stefano Bianchettin , Giulio Rossolini , Giorgio Buttazzo

For most languages of the world, language model pre-training operates in a data-constrained regime where models must repeat their training data many times, degrading generalization. Two remedies exist: aggressive hyperparameter tuning such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Paul Jeha , Anastasiia Sedova , Louis Béthune , Skyler Seto , Jes Frellsen , Pierre Ablin , Natalie Schluter

Automatic evaluation of natural language generation has long been an elusive goal in NLP.A recent paradigm fine-tunes pre-trained language models to emulate human judgements for a particular task and evaluation criterion. Inspired by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Shuhaib Mehri , Vered Shwartz

In-context learning, a capability that enables a model to learn from input examples on the fly without necessitating weight updates, is a defining characteristic of large language models. In this work, we follow the setting proposed in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Kartik Ahuja , David Lopez-Paz

Entailment has been recognized as an important metric for evaluating natural language understanding (NLU) models, and recent studies have found that entailment pretraining benefits weakly supervised fine-tuning. In this work, we design a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Jiaxin Ge , Hongyin Luo , Yoon Kim , James Glass

Existing research has shown that a multilingual pre-trained language model fine-tuned with one (source) language also performs well on downstream tasks for non-source languages, even though no fine-tuning is done on these languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Yiduo Guo , Yaobo Liang , Dongyan Zhao , Bing Liu , Duan Nan

Instruction tuning is critical to improve LLMs but usually suffers from low-quality and redundant data. Data filtering for instruction tuning has proved important in improving both the efficiency and performance of the tuning process. But…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ming Li , Yong Zhang , Shwai He , Zhitao Li , Hongyu Zhao , Jianzong Wang , Ning Cheng , Tianyi Zhou

Retrieval-augmented language models pose a promising alternative to standard language modeling. During pretraining, these models search in a corpus of documents for contextually relevant information that could aid the language modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 David Samuel , Lucas Georges Gabriel Charpentier , Sondre Wold

Recent large language models (LLMs) have revealed strong abilities to understand natural language. Since most of them share the same basic structure, i.e. the transformer block, possible contributors to their success in the training process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Changjiang Gao , Shujian Huang , Jixing Li , Jiajun Chen

Despite the success of existing instruction-tuned models, we find that they usually struggle to respond to queries with multiple instructions. This impairs their performance in complex problems whose solution consists of multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Hanxu Hu , Simon Yu , Pinzhen Chen , Edoardo M. Ponti

We empirically investigate how pre-training on data of different modalities, such as language and vision, affects fine-tuning of Transformer-based models to Mujoco offline reinforcement learning tasks. Analysis of the internal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Shiro Takagi

Can we construct a neural model that is inductively biased towards learning human languages? Motivated by this question, we aim at constructing an informative prior over neural weights, in order to adapt quickly to held-out languages in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Edoardo Maria Ponti , Ivan Vulić , Ryan Cotterell , Roi Reichart , Anna Korhonen

Large language models leverage both parametric knowledge acquired during pretraining and in-context knowledge provided at inference time. Crucially, when these sources conflict, models arbitrate based on their internal confidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minsung Kim , Dong-Kyum Kim , Jea Kwon , Nakyeong Yang , Kyomin Jung , Meeyoung Cha

In the growing domain of scientific machine learning, in-context operator learning has shown notable potential in building foundation models, as in this framework the model is trained to learn operators and solve differential equations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Liu Yang , Siting Liu , Stanley J. Osher

Humans can learn structural properties about a word from minimal experience, and deploy their learned syntactic representations uniformly in different grammatical contexts. We assess the ability of modern neural language models to reproduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Ethan Wilcox , Peng Qian , Richard Futrell , Ryosuke Kohita , Roger Levy , Miguel Ballesteros

This paper develops a new framework, called modular regression, to utilize auxiliary information -- such as variables other than the original features or additional data sets -- in the training process of linear models. At a high level, our…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-27 Ying Jin , Dominik Rothenhäusler

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in educational technologies for a variety of tasks, from generating instructional materials and assisting with assessment design to tutoring. While prior work has investigated how models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kirk Vanacore , Rene F. Kizilcec

Conventional text style transfer approaches focus on sentence-level style transfer without considering contextual information, and the style is described with attributes (e.g., formality). When applying style transfer in conversations such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Shamik Roy , Raphael Shu , Nikolaos Pappas , Elman Mansimov , Yi Zhang , Saab Mansour , Dan Roth

Large language models (LLMs) can learn from a few demonstrations provided at inference time. We study this in-context learning phenomenon through the lens of Gaussian Processes (GPs). We build controlled experiments where models observe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Elif Akata , Konstantinos Voudouris , Vincent Fortuin , Eric Schulz

We investigate the use of in-context learning and prompt engineering to estimate the contributions of training data in the outputs of instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs). We propose two novel approaches: (1) a similarity-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Milad Fotouhi , Mohammad Taha Bahadori , Oluwaseyi Feyisetan , Payman Arabshahi , David Heckerman
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