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Automatic evaluation metrics are essential for building multilingual translation systems. The common practice of evaluating these systems is averaging metric scores across languages, yet this is suspicious since metrics may suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jingxuan Liu , Zhi Qu , Jin Tei , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Lemao Liu , Taro Watanabe

Machine translation quality estimation (QE) predicts human judgements of a translation hypothesis without seeing the reference. State-of-the-art QE systems based on pretrained language models have been achieving remarkable correlations with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Vilém Zouhar , Shehzaad Dhuliawala , Wangchunshu Zhou , Nico Daheim , Tom Kocmi , Yuchen Eleanor Jiang , Mrinmaya Sachan

Recent years have seen big advances in the field of sentence-level quality estimation (QE), largely as a result of using neural-based architectures. However, the majority of these methods work only on the language pair they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Constantin Orasan , Ruslan Mitkov

This preliminary study investigates the usefulness of sentence-level Quality Estimation (QE) in English-Chinese Machine Translation Post-Editing (MTPE), focusing on its impact on post-editing speed and student translators' perceptions. It…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Siqi Liu , Guangrong Dai , Dechao Li

Quality Estimation (QE) is an important component of the machine translation workflow as it assesses the quality of the translated output without consulting reference translations. In this paper, we discuss our submission to the WMT 2021 QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Shaika Chowdhury , Naouel Baili , Brian Vannah

A major challenge in the practical use of Machine Translation (MT) is that users lack guidance to make informed decisions about when to rely on outputs. Progress in quality estimation research provides techniques to automatically assess MT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Nikita Mehandru , Sweta Agrawal , Yimin Xiao , Elaine C Khoong , Ge Gao , Marine Carpuat , Niloufar Salehi

Despite the steady progress in machine translation evaluation, existing automatic metrics struggle to capture how well meaning is preserved beyond sentence boundaries. We posit that reliance on a single intrinsic quality score, trained to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Patrick Fernandes , Sweta Agrawal , Emmanouil Zaranis , André F. T. Martins , Graham Neubig

Machine-translated benchmarks are widely used to assess the multilingual capabilities of large language models (LLMs), yet translation errors in these benchmarks remain underexplored, raising concerns about the reliability and comparability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Klaudia-Doris Thellmann , Bernhard Stadler , Michael Färber , Jens Lehmann

Providing quality scores along with Machine Translation (MT) output, so-called reference-free Quality Estimation (QE), is crucial to inform users about the reliability of the translation. We propose a model-specific, unsupervised QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Tu Anh Dinh , Tobias Palzer , Jan Niehues

Quality Estimation (QE) models for Neural Machine Translation (NMT) predict the quality of the hypothesis without having access to the reference. An emerging research direction in NMT involves the use of QE models, which have demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sai Koneru , Matthias Huck , Miriam Exel , Jan Niehues

Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) assesses translation reliability without reference texts. This study introduces "textual similarity" as a new metric for QE, using sentence transformers and cosine similarity to measure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Kun Sun , Rong Wang

We present a new English-French test set for the evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) for informal, written bilingual dialogue. The test set contains 144 spontaneous dialogues (5,700+ sentences) between native English and French speakers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Rachel Bawden , Sophie Rosset , Thomas Lavergne , Eric Bilinski

Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of predicting the quality of machine translation (MT) output without any reference. This task has gained increasing attention as an important component in the practical applications of MT. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Fatemeh Azadi , Heshaam Faili , Mohammad Javad Dousti

Machine Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is a task of predicting the quality of machine translations without relying on any reference. Recently, the predictor-estimator framework trains the predictor as a feature extractor, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Qu Cui , Shujian Huang , Jiahuan Li , Xiang Geng , Zaixiang Zheng , Guoping Huang , Jiajun Chen

Insufficient modeling of human preferences within the reward model is a major obstacle for leveraging human feedback to improve translation quality. Fortunately, quality estimation (QE), which predicts the quality of a given translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhiwei He , Xing Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Question answering (QA) in English has been widely explored, but multilingual datasets are relatively new, with several methods attempting to bridge the gap between high- and low-resourced languages using data augmentation through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Arnab Debnath , Navid Rajabi , Fardina Fathmiul Alam , Antonios Anastasopoulos

Quality estimation (QE)-the automatic assessment of translation quality-has recently become crucial across several stages of the translation pipeline, from data curation to training and decoding. While QE metrics have been optimized to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Emmanouil Zaranis , Giuseppe Attanasio , Sweta Agrawal , André F. T. Martins

Most studies on word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of machine translation focus on language-specific models. The obvious disadvantages of these approaches are the need for labelled data for each language pair and the high cost required to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Constantin Orasan , Ruslan Mitkov

We propose a simple method to generate multilingual question and answer pairs on a large scale through the use of a single generative model. These synthetic samples can be used to improve the zero-shot performance of multilingual QA models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Siamak Shakeri , Noah Constant , Mihir Sanjay Kale , Linting Xue

We present MLQE-PE, a new dataset for Machine Translation (MT) Quality Estimation (QE) and Automatic Post-Editing (APE). The dataset contains eleven language pairs, with human labels for up to 10,000 translations per language pair in the…