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Explainable AI (XAI) refers to techniques that provide human-understandable insights into the workings of AI models. Recently, the focus of XAI is being extended toward explaining Large Language Models (LLMs). This extension calls for a…

Decision explanations of machine learning black-box models are often generated by applying Explainable AI (XAI) techniques. However, many proposed XAI methods produce unverified outputs. Evaluation and verification are usually achieved with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Udo Schlegel , Daniela Oelke , Daniel A. Keim , Mennatallah El-Assady

Decision-making algorithms are being used in important decisions, such as who should be enrolled in health care programs and be hired. Even though these systems are currently deployed in high-stakes scenarios, many of them cannot explain…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Gabriel Lima , Nina Grgić-Hlača , Jin Keun Jeong , Meeyoung Cha

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are used to provide transparency to complex, opaque predictive models. However, these techniques are often designed for image and text data, and it is unclear how fit-for-purpose they are…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Yue Xu , Renuka Sindhgatta , Bemali Wickramanayake , Catarina Moreira

End-to-end robot policies achieve high performance through neural networks trained via reinforcement learning (RL). Yet, their black box nature and abstract reasoning pose challenges for human-robot interaction (HRI), because humans may…

As climate change accelerates the frequency and severity of extreme events such as wildfires, the need for accurate, explainable, and actionable forecasting becomes increasingly urgent. While artificial intelligence (AI) models have shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Kiana Vu , İsmet Selçuk Özer , Phung Lai , Zheng Wu , Thilanka Munasinghe , Jennifer Wei

Analyzing vibration data using deep neural network algorithms is an effective way to detect damages in rotating machinery at an early stage. However, the black-box approach of these methods often does not provide a satisfactory solution…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-25 Oliver Mey , Deniz Neufeld

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging new domain in which a set of processes and tools allow humans to better comprehend the decisions generated by black box models. However, most of the available XAI tools are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Zoumpolia Dikopoulou , Serafeim Moustakidis , Patrik Karlsson

Explainable machine learning (ML) enables human learning from ML, human appeal of automated model decisions, regulatory compliance, and security audits of ML models. Explainable ML (i.e. explainable artificial intelligence or XAI) has been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-12-03 Patrick Hall , Navdeep Gill , Nicholas Schmidt

Most commonly used non-linear machine learning methods are closed-box models, uninterpretable to humans. The field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to develop tools to examine the inner workings of these closed boxes. An…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lauri Seppäläinen , Mudong Guo , Kai Puolamäki

Modern AI systems frequently rely on opaque black-box models, most notably Deep Neural Networks, whose performance stems from complex architectures with millions of learned parameters. While powerful, their complexity poses a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 David Dembinsky , Adriano Lucieri , Stanislav Frolov , Hiba Najjar , Ko Watanabe , Andreas Dengel

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to solve the Inverse Stochastic Optimal Control (ISOC) problem of the linear-quadratic sensorimotor (LQS) control model. The LQS model represents the current state-of-the-art in describing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-20 Philipp Karg , Manuel Hess , Balint Varga , Sören Hohmann

Learned Cost Models (LCMs) have shown superior results over traditional database cost models as they can significantly improve the accuracy of cost predictions. However, LCMs still fail for some query plans, as prediction errors can be…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Roman Heinrich , Oleksandr Havrylov , Manisha Luthra , Johannes Wehrstein , Carsten Binnig

This paper develops a direct data-driven inverse optimal control (3DIOC) algorithm for the linear time-invariant (LTI) system who conducts a linear quadratic (LQ) control, where the underlying objective function is learned directly from…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-18 Chendi Qu , Jianping He , Xiaoming Duan

Inverse problems are central to a wide range of fields, including healthcare, climate science, and agriculture. They involve the estimation of inputs, typically via iterative optimization, to some known forward model so that it produces a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sean Memery , Kevin Denamganai , Anna Kapron-King , Kartic Subr

Artificial intelligence is reshaping science and industry, yet many users still regard its models as opaque "black boxes". Conventional explainable artificial-intelligence methods clarify individual predictions but overlook the upstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 George Paterakis , Andrea Castellani , George Papoutsoglou , Tobias Rodemann , Ioannis Tsamardinos

AI is becoming increasingly common across different domains. However, as sophisticated AI-based systems are often black-boxed, rendering the decision-making logic opaque, users find it challenging to comply with their recommendations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Niklas Kühl , Christian Meske , Maximilian Nitsche , Jodie Lobana

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is essential for building advanced machine learning-powered applications, especially in critical domains such as medical diagnostics or autonomous driving. Legal, business, and ethical requirements…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Tobias Labarta , Elizaveta Kulicheva , Ronja Froelian , Christian Geißler , Xenia Melman , Julian von Klitzing

In addition to the impressive predictive power of machine learning (ML) models, more recently, explanation methods have emerged that enable an interpretation of complex non-linear learning models such as deep neural networks. Gaining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Simon Letzgus , Patrick Wagner , Jonas Lederer , Wojciech Samek , Klaus-Robert Müller , Gregoire Montavon

This paper explores the application of Explainable AI (XAI) techniques to improve the transparency and understanding of predictive models in control of automated supply air temperature (ASAT) of Air Handling Unit (AHU). The study focuses on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-10 Marika Eik , Ahmet Kose , Hossein Nourollahi Hokmabad , Juri Belikov