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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safe deployment; however, existing detectors often struggle to generalize across datasets of varying scales and model architectures, and some can incur high computational costs in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

The safe deployment of machine learning and AI models in open-world settings hinges critically on the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data accurately, data samples that contrast vastly from what the model was trained with.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Andrija Djurisic , Rosanne Liu , Mladen Nikolic

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in open-world applications. While post-hoc methods are favored for their efficiency and ease of deployment, existing approaches often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiachen Liang , Ruibing Hou , Minyang Hu , Hong Chang , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for preventing deep learning models from making incorrect predictions to ensure the safety of artificial intelligence systems. Especially in safety-critical applications such as medical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Mouxiao Huang , Yu Qiao

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples is an important task for deploying reliable machine learning models in safety-critial applications. While post-hoc methods based on the Mahalanobis distance applied to pre-logit features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maximilian Mueller , Matthias Hein

Neural networks are known to produce over-confident predictions on input images, even when these images are out-of-distribution (OOD) samples. This limits the applications of neural network models in real-world scenarios, where OOD samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ke Fan , Yikai Wang , Qian Yu , Da Li , Yanwei Fu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

In the open world, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data, whose labels are disjoint with those of in-distribution (ID) samples, is important for reliable deep neural networks (DNNs). To achieve better detection performance, one type of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yingwen Wu , Ruiji Yu , Xinwen Cheng , Zhengbao He , Xiaolin Huang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for deploying machine learning models in the open world. Distance-based methods have demonstrated promise, where testing samples are detected as OOD if they are relatively far away from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Yiyou Sun , Yifei Ming , Xiaojin Zhu , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains challenging for deep learning models, particularly when test-time OOD samples differ significantly from training outliers. We propose OODD, a novel test-time OOD detection method that dynamically…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Yifeng Yang , Lin Zhu , Zewen Sun , Hengyu Liu , Qinying Gu , Nanyang Ye

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential when deploying neural networks in the real world. One main challenge is that neural networks often make overconfident predictions on OOD data. In this study, we propose an effective post-hoc…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Zhuohao Sun , Yiqiao Qiu , Zhijun Tan , Weishi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

This paper presents a principled approach for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples in deep neural networks (DNN). Modeling probability distributions on deep features has recently emerged as an effective, yet computationally cheap…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Ibrahima Ndiour , Nilesh Ahuja , Omesh Tickoo

Efficient and effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the safe deployment of AI systems. Existing feature space methods, while effective, often incur significant computational overhead due to their reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Litian Liu , Yao Qin

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safely deploying deep models in open-world environments, where inputs may lie outside the training distribution. During inference on a model trained exclusively with In-Distribution (ID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiawei Gu , Ziyue Qiao , Zechao Li

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a fundamental challenge in the deployment of machine learning models. From a security standpoint, this is particularly important because OOD test data can result in misleadingly confident yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Onat Gungor , Amanda Sofie Rios , Nilesh Ahuja , Tajana Rosing

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the reliable and safe deployment of machine learning systems in the real world. Great progress has been made over the past years. This paper presents the first review of recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Hao Lang , Yinhe Zheng , Yixuan Li , Jian Sun , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Detecting and rejecting unknown out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is critical for deployed neural networks to void unreliable predictions. In real-world scenarios, however, the efficacy of existing OOD detection methods is often impeded by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Kai Liu , Zhihang Fu , Sheng Jin , Chao Chen , Ze Chen , Rongxin Jiang , Fan Zhou , Yaowu Chen , Jieping Ye

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

As deep learning methods form a critical part in commercially important applications such as autonomous driving and medical diagnostics, it is important to reliably detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs while employing these algorithms.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Apoorv Vyas , Nataraj Jammalamadaka , Xia Zhu , Dipankar Das , Bharat Kaul , Theodore L. Willke

Deep neural networks have achieved great success in classification tasks during the last years. However, one major problem to the path towards artificial intelligence is the inability of neural networks to accurately detect samples from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Aristotelis-Angelos Papadopoulos , Mohammad Reza Rajati , Nazim Shaikh , Jiamian Wang
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