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Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a vital paradigm in modern machine learning that enables collaborative training across decentralized data sources without exchanging raw data. This approach not only addresses privacy concerns but also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zahra Kharaghani , Ali Dadras , Tommy Löfstedt

Federated learning (FL) is an important technique for learning models from decentralized data in a privacy-preserving way. Existing FL methods usually uniformly sample clients for local model learning in each round. However, different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Tao Qi , Fangzhao Wu , Lingjuan Lyu , Yongfeng Huang , Xing Xie

Federated learning (FL) enables a set of distributed clients to jointly train machine learning models while preserving their local data privacy, making it attractive for applications in healthcare, finance, mobility, and smart-city systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Eman M. AbouNassar , Amr Elshall , Sameh Abdulah

Federated learning (FL) is a rapidly growing privacy-preserving collaborative machine learning paradigm. In practical FL applications, local data from each data silo reflect local usage patterns. Therefore, there exists heterogeneity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Shenglai Zeng , Zonghang Li , Hongfang Yu , Yihong He , Zenglin Xu , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu

Federated Learning (FL) is a method of training machine learning models on private data distributed over a large number of possibly heterogeneous clients such as mobile phones and IoT devices. In this work, we propose a new federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that safeguards privacy by retaining client data on edge devices. However, optimizing FL in practice can be challenging due to the diverse and heterogeneous nature of the learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yongxin Guo , Xiaoying Tang , Tao Lin

While Federated Learning (FL) is gaining popularity for training machine learning models in a decentralized fashion, numerous challenges persist, such as asynchronization, computational expenses, data heterogeneity, and gradient and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Chun-Yin Huang , Ruinan Jin , Can Zhao , Daguang Xu , Xiaoxiao Li

Though successful, federated learning presents new challenges for machine learning, especially when the issue of data heterogeneity, also known as Non-IID data, arises. To cope with the statistical heterogeneity, previous works incorporated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Mahdi Morafah , Saeed Vahidian , Chen Chen , Mubarak Shah , Bill Lin

Heterogeneity across clients in federated learning (FL) usually hinders the optimization convergence and generalization performance when the aggregation of clients' knowledge occurs in the gradient space. For example, clients may differ in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Yue Tan , Guodong Long , Lu Liu , Tianyi Zhou , Qinghua Lu , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) deals with learning a central model (i.e. the server) in privacy-constrained scenarios, where data are stored on multiple devices (i.e. the clients). The central model has no direct access to the data, but only to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Debora Caldarola , Massimiliano Mancini , Fabio Galasso , Marco Ciccone , Emanuele Rodolà , Barbara Caputo

Federated Learning (FL) enables a distributed client-server architecture where multiple clients collaboratively train a global Machine Learning (ML) model without sharing sensitive local data. However, FL often results in lower accuracy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Nihal Balivada , Shrey Gupta , Shashank Shreedhar Bhatt , Suyash Gupta

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging machine learning paradigm that enables the collaborative training of a shared global model across distributed clients while keeping the data decentralized. Recent works on designing systems for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mohak Chadha , Pulkit Khera , Jianfeng Gu , Osama Abboud , Michael Gerndt

As a promising paradigm federated Learning (FL) is widely used in privacy-preserving machine learning, which allows distributed devices to collaboratively train a model while avoiding data transmission among clients. Despite its immense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Jinglong Shen , Xiucheng Wang , Nan Cheng , Longfei Ma , Conghao Zhou , Yuan Zhang

Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients with distributed data sources to collaboratively train a shared model without compromising data privacy. However, existing FL paradigms face challenges due to heterogeneity in client data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Brianna Mueller , W. Nick Street , Stephen Baek , Qihang Lin , Jingyi Yang , Yankun Huang

Federated Learning(FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning paradigm where a global model is trained in-situ across a large number of distributed edge devices. These systems are often comprised of millions of user devices and only a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yuanli Wang , Lei Huang

Learning from distributed data without accessing them is undoubtedly a challenging and non-trivial task. Nevertheless, the necessity for distributed training of a statistical model has been increasing, due to the privacy concerns of local…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-08-02 Seok-Ju Hahn

Federated learning (FL) commonly involves clients with diverse communication and computational capabilities. Such heterogeneity can significantly distort the optimization dynamics and lead to objective inconsistency, where the global model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shudi Weng , Chao Ren , Ming Xiao , Mikael Skoglund

Federated Learning (FL) aims to learn a single global model that enables the central server to help the model training in local clients without accessing their local data. The key challenge of FL is the heterogeneity of local data in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Sicong Liang , Junchao Tian , Shujun Yang , Yu Zhang

Federated learning (FL), which has gained increasing attention recently, enables distributed devices to train a common machine learning (ML) model for intelligent inference cooperatively without data sharing. However, problems in practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Yujie Zhou , Zhidu Li , Tong Tang , Ruyan Wang