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Accurate disk mass measurements are necessary to constrain disk evolution and the timescale of planet formation, but such measurements are difficult to make and are very dependent on assumptions. Here we look at the assumption that the disk…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2023-01-04 Z. Xin , C. C. Espaillat , A. M. Rilinger , A. Ribas , E. Macias

Despite the revolution in our knowledge resulting from the detection of planets around mature stars, we know almost nothing about planets orbiting young stars because rapid rotation and active photospheres preclude detection by radial…

We present the first results from simulations of processes leading to planet formation in protoplanetary disks with different metallicities. For a given metallicity, we construct a two-dimensional grid of disk models with different initial…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Kacper Kornet , Peter Bodenheimer , Michal Rozyczka , Tomasz F. Stepinski

We present the discovery of a spatially unresolved source of sub-millimeter continuum emission ($\lambda=855$ $\mu$m) associated with a young planet, PDS 70 c, recently detected in H$\alpha$ emission around the 5 Myr old T Tauri star PDS…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-17 Andrea Isella , Myriam Benisty , Richard Teague , Jaehan Bae , Miriam Keppler , Stefano Facchini , Laura M Pérez

The composition of forming planets is strongly affected by the protoplanetary disc's thermal structure. This thermal structure is predominantly set by dust radiative transfer and viscous (accretional) heating and can be impacted by gaps -…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-18 Madelyn Broome , Oliver Shorttle , Mihkel Kama , Richard A. Booth

Dynamical masses of young planets aged between 10 and 200 Myr detected in imaging play a crucial role in shaping models of giant planet formation. Regrettably, only a few such objects possess these characteristics. Furthermore, the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-02-15 R. Gratton , M. Bonavita , D. Mesa , A. Zurlo , S. Marino , S. Desidera , V. D'Orazi , E. Rigliaco , V. Squicciarini , P. H. Nogueira

We investigate how the formation and structure of circumplanetary disks (CPDs) varies with planet mass and protoplanetary disk aspect ratio. Using static mesh refinement and a near-isothermal equation of state, we perform a small parameter…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Sabina Sagynbayeva , Rixin Li , Aleksandra Kuznetsova , Zhaohuan Zhu , Yan-Fei Jiang , Philip J. Armitage

The formation of planets occurs within protoplanetary disks surrounding young stars, resulting in perturbation of the gas and dust surface densities. Here, we report the first evidence of spatially resolved gas surface density…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-24 Cécile Favre , Davide Fedele , Luke Maud , Richard Booth , Marco Tazzari , Anna Miotello , Leonardo Testi , Dmitry Semenov , Simon Bruderer

K2-19 is the second multi-planetary system discovered with K2 observations. The system is composed of two Neptune size planets close to the 3:2 mean-motion resonance. To better characterise the system we obtained two additional transit…

Context. Most ground-based planet search direct imaging campaigns use angular differential imaging, which distorts the signal from extended sources like protoplanetary disks. In the case PDS 70, a young system with two planets found within…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-24 Z. Wahhaj , M. Benisty , C. Ginski , C. Swastik , S. Arora , R. G. van Holstein , R. J. De Rosa , B. Yang , J. Bae , B. Ren

We study the dependence of protoplanetary disk evolution on stellar mass using a large sample of young stellar objects in nearby young star-forming regions. We update the protoplanetary disk fractions presented in our recent work (paper I…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-08 Álvaro Ribas , Hervé Bouy , Bruno Merín

HR 8799 hosts four directly imaged giant planets, but none has a mass measured from first principles. We present the first dynamical mass measurement in this planetary system, finding that the innermost planet HR~8799~e has a mass of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-07 G. Mirek Brandt , Timothy D. Brandt , Trent J. Dupuy , Daniel Michalik , Gabriel-Dominique Marleau

Abridged: Recent simulations have explored different ways to form accretion disks around low-mass stars. We aim to present observables to differentiate a rotationally supported disk from an infalling rotating envelope toward deeply embedded…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-04-29 Daniel Harsono , Ewine van Dishoeck , Simon Bruderer , Zhi-Yun Li , Jes Jorgensen

We present dynamical masses for 23 pre-main sequence K- and M-type stars in the Upper Scorpius star-forming region. These masses were derived from the Keplerian rotation of CO disk gas using the MCMC radiative-transfer package pdspy and a…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-30 A. P. M. Towner , J. A. Eisner , P. D. Sheehan , L. A. Hillenbrand , Y. -L. Wu

Free-floating substellar candidates with estimated theoretical masses of as low as ~5 Jupiter masses have been found in the ~3 Myr old sigma Orionis open cluster. As the overlap with the planetary mass domain increases, the question of how…

We know little about the outermost exoplanets in planetary systems, because our detection methods are insensitive to moderate-mass planets on wide orbits. However, debris discs can probe the outer-planet population, because dynamical…

We aim at identifying very low-mass isolated planetary-mass member candidates in the nearest OB association to the Sun, Upper Scorpius (145 pc; 5-10 Myr), to constrain the form and shape of the luminosity function and mass spectrum in this…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-31 N. Lodieu , N. C. Hambly , N. J. G. Cross

The formation of gas-giant planets within the lifetime of a protoplanetary disk is challenging especially far from a star. A promising model for the rapid formation of giant-planet cores is pebble accretion in which gas drag during…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 John Chambers

Gas mass is a fundamental quantity of protoplanetary disks that directly relates to their ability to form planets. Because we are unable to observe the bulk H$_2$ content of disks directly, we rely on indirect tracers to provide…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-30 Dana E. Anderson , L. Ilsedore Cleeves , Geoffrey A. Blake , Edwin A. Bergin , Ke Zhang , John M. Carpenter , Kamber R. Schwarz

Recent discoveries of young exoplanets within their natal disks offer exciting opportunities to study ongoing planet formation. In particular, a planet's mass accretion rate can be constrained by observing the accretion-induced excess…