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Visual grounding, localizing objects from natural language descriptions, represents a critical bridge between language and vision understanding. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve impressive scores on existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rang Li , Lei Li , Shuhuai Ren , Hao Tian , Shuhao Gu , Shicheng Li , Zihao Yue , Yudong Wang , Wenhan Ma , Zhe Yang , Jingyuan Ma , Zhifang Sui , Fuli Luo

Long-context processing has become a fundamental capability for large language models~(LLMs). To assess model's long-context performance, numerous long-context evaluation benchmarks have been proposed. However, variations in evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zecheng Tang , Haitian Wang , Quantong Qiu , Baibei Ji , Ruoxi Sun , Keyan Zhou , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Code review is a cornerstone of software quality assurance, and recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in its automation. However, existing benchmarks for LLM-based code review face three major limitations. Lack…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Ruida Hu , Xinchen Wang , Xin-Cheng Wen , Zhao Zhang , Bo Jiang , Pengfei Gao , Chao Peng , Cuiyun Gao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated considerable success in open-book question answering (QA), where the task requires generating answers grounded in a provided external context. A critical challenge in open-book QA is to ensure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Ivan Vankov , Matyo Ivanov , Adriana Correia , Victor Botev

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse contexts to support decision-making. While existing evaluations effectively probe latent model capabilities, they often overlook the impact of context framing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Isaac Robinson , John Burden

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on multilingual tasks. Given its wide range of applications, cross-cultural understanding capability is a crucial competency. However, existing benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Shiwei Guo , Sihang Jiang , Qianxi He , Yanghua Xiao , Jiaqing Liang , Bi Yude , Minggui He , Shimin Tao , Li Zhang

Large language models have been widely explored as decision-support tools in high-stakes domains due to their contextual understanding and reasoning capabilities. However, existing decision-making benchmarks rely on two simplifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yeonjun Hwang , Sungyong Park , Minju Kim , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capability in natural language tasks, yet debate persists on whether they truly comprehend deep structure (i.e., core semantics) or merely rely on surface structure (e.g., presentation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yujin Han , Lei Xu , Sirui Chen , Difan Zou , Chaochao Lu

Quantities are distinct and critical components of texts that characterize the magnitude properties of entities, providing a precise perspective for the understanding of natural language, especially for reasoning tasks. In recent years,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Yuncheng Huang , Qianyu He , Jiaqing Liang , Sihang Jiang , Yanghua Xiao , Yunwen Chen

The evaluation of open-ended responses in serious games presents a unique challenge, as correctness is often subjective. Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being explored as evaluators in such contexts, yet their accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Andrés Isaza-Giraldo , Paulo Bala , Lucas Pereira

Recent work shows that in-context learning and optimization of in-context examples (ICE) can significantly improve the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) on a wide range of tasks, leading to an apparent consensus that ICE optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Pragya Srivastava , Satvik Golechha , Amit Deshpande , Amit Sharma

Reliable evaluation of large language models is essential to ensure their applicability in practical scenarios. Traditional benchmark-based evaluation methods often rely on fixed reference answers, limiting their ability to capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Sujeong Lee , Hayoung Lee , Seongsoo Heo , Wonik Choi

Existing frameworks for evaluating long-context language models (LCLM) can be broadly categorized into real-world applications (e.g, document summarization) and synthetic tasks (e.g, needle-in-a-haystack). Despite their utility, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yijun Yang , Zeyu Huang , Wenhao Zhu , Zihan Qiu , Fei Yuan , Jeff Z. Pan , Ivan Titov

Recent advancements in the field of natural language generation have facilitated the use of large language models to assess the quality of generated text. Although these models have shown promising results in tasks such as machine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Terry Yue Zhuo

There are currently two main paradigms for evaluating large language models (LLMs), reference-based evaluation and preference-based evaluation. The first, carried over from the evaluation of machine learning models in general, relies on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 David Schlangen , Sherzod Hakimov , Chalamalasetti Kranti , Jonathan Jordan , Philipp Sadler

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrating increasing prowess in cybersecurity applications, creating creating inherent risks alongside their potential for strengthening defenses. In this position paper, we argue that current efforts to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Kamilė Lukošiūtė , Adam Swanda

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human values is essential for their safe deployment and widespread adoption. Current LLM safety benchmarks often focus solely on the refusal of individual problematic queries, which overlooks the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guangzhi Sun , Xiao Zhan , Shutong Feng , Philip C. Woodland , Jose Such

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized code intelligence by improving programming productivity and alleviating challenges faced by software developers. To further improve the performance of LLMs on specific…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yifei Ge , Weisong Sun , Yihang Lou , Chunrong Fang , Yiran Zhang , Yiming Li , Xiaofang Zhang , Yang Liu , Zhihong Zhao , Zhenyu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into legal applications, including judicial decision support, legal practice assistance, and public-facing legal services. While LLMs show strong potential in handling legal…

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has transformed conversational agents, enabling complex human-machine interactions. However, evaluation frameworks often focus on single tasks, failing to capture the dynamic nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Pietro Alessandro Aluffi , Patrick Zietkiewicz , Marya Bazzi , Matt Arderne , Vladimirs Murevics