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The massive growth of self-supervised learning (SSL) has been witnessed in language, vision, speech, and audio domains over the past few years. While discrete label prediction is widely adopted for other modalities, the state-of-the-art…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-20 Sanyuan Chen , Yu Wu , Chengyi Wang , Shujie Liu , Daniel Tompkins , Zhuo Chen , Furu Wei

While existing speech audio codecs designed for compression exploit limited forms of temporal redundancy and allow for multi-scale representations, they tend to represent all features of audio in the same way. In contrast, generative voice…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ryan Collette , Ross Greenwood , Serena Nicoll

Large Language Models (LLMs) have advanced audio generation through discrete representation learning. However, most existing neural codecs focus on speech and emphasize reconstruction fidelity, overlooking unified low frame rate modeling…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jingbin Hu , Haoyu Zhang , Dake Guo , Qirui Zhan , Wenhao Li , Huakang Chen , Guobin Ma , Hanke Xie , Chengyou Wang , Pengyuan Xie , Chuan Xie , Qiang Zhang , Lei Xie

Neural audio codecs and autoencoders have emerged as versatile models for audio compression, transmission, feature-extraction, and latent-space generation. However, a key limitation is that most are trained to maximize reconstruction…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Dimitrios Bralios , Jonah Casebeer , Paris Smaragdis

Neural audio codecs, used as speech tokenizers, have demonstrated remarkable potential in the field of speech generation. However, to ensure high-fidelity audio reconstruction, neural audio codecs typically encode audio into long sequences…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Wenrui Liu , Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Yafeng Chen , Jin Xu , Zhifang Guo , Guanrou Yang , Weiqin Li , Xiaoda Yang , Tao Jin , Minghui Fang , Jialong Zuo , Bai Jionghao , Zemin Liu

Speech tokenization serves as the foundation of speech language model (LM), enabling them to perform various tasks such as spoken language modeling, text-to-speech, speech-to-text, etc. Most speech tokenizers are trained independently of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Arnon Turetzky , Yossi Adi

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing through self-supervised pretraining on massive datasets. Inspired by this success, researchers have explored adapting these methods to speech by discretizing continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Luca Della Libera , Francesco Paissan , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

Speech codecs serve as bridges between speech signals and large language models. An ideal codec for speech language models should not only preserve acoustic information but also capture rich semantic information. However, existing speech…

Recent advancements in speech-language models have yielded significant improvements in speech tokenization and synthesis. However, effectively mapping the complex, multidimensional attributes of speech into discrete tokens remains…

Efficiently representing audio signals in a compressed latent space is critical for latent generative modelling. However, existing autoencoders often force a choice between continuous embeddings and discrete tokens. Furthermore, achieving…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Marco Pasini , Stefan Lattner , George Fazekas

Audio tokenization has emerged as a critical component in end-to-end audio language models, enabling efficient discrete representation learning for both audio understanding and generation tasks. However, existing audio tokenizers face…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Xiangyu Zhang , Benjamin John Southwell , Siqi Pan , Xinlei Niu , Beena Ahmed , Julien Epps

Automated audio captioning (AAC) has developed rapidly in recent years, involving acoustic signal processing and natural language processing to generate human-readable sentences for audio clips. The current models are generally based on the…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Zhongjie Ye , Helin Wang , Dongchao Yang , Yuexian Zou

Current speech large language models build upon discrete speech representations, which can be categorized into semantic tokens and acoustic tokens. However, existing speech tokens are not specifically designed for speech language modeling.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Xin Zhang , Dong Zhang , Shimin Li , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

Audio generation has achieved remarkable progress with the advance of sophisticated generative models, such as diffusion models (DMs) and autoregressive (AR) models. However, due to the naturally significant sequence length of audio, the…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Kai Qiu , Xiang Li , Hao Chen , Jie Sun , Jinglu Wang , Zhe Lin , Marios Savvides , Bhiksha Raj

High-fidelity neural audio codecs in Text-to-speech (TTS) aim to compress speech signals into discrete representations for faithful reconstruction. However, prior approaches faced challenges in effectively disentangling acoustic and…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ruonan Zhang , Xiaoyang Hao , Yichen Han , Junjie Cao , Yue Liu , Kai Zhang

With the rapid progress of speech language models (SLMs), discrete speech tokens have emerged as a core interface between speech and text, enabling unified modeling across modalities. Recent speech tokenization approaches aim to isolate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Daejin Jo , Jeeyoung Yun , Byungseok Roh , Sungwoong Kim

Recent advancements in audio generation have been significantly propelled by the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). The existing research on audio LLM has primarily focused on enhancing the architecture and scale of audio…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Zhen Ye , Peiwen Sun , Jiahe Lei , Hongzhan Lin , Xu Tan , Zheqi Dai , Qiuqiang Kong , Jianyi Chen , Jiahao Pan , Qifeng Liu , Yike Guo , Wei Xue

Neural audio codecs form the foundational building blocks for language model (LM)-based speech generation. Typically, there is a trade-off between frame rate and audio quality. This study introduces a low-frame-rate, semantically enhanced…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jiaqi Li , Xiaolong Lin , Zhekai Li , Shixi Huang , Yuancheng Wang , Chaoren Wang , Zhenpeng Zhan , Zhizheng Wu

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing by leveraging self-supervised pretraining on vast textual data. Inspired by this success, researchers have investigated various compression-based speech tokenization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Richard He Bai , Tatiana Likhomanenko , Ruixiang Zhang , Zijin Gu , Zakaria Aldeneh , Navdeep Jaitly

Speech tokenizers are a key building block of fully discrete Speech LLMs.Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding,fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably,or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hanlin Zhang , Daxin Tan , Dehua Tao , Xiao Chen , Haochen Tan , Yunhe Li , Yuchen Cao , Linqi Song