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Language modeling is a fundamental task in natural language processing, which has been thoroughly explored with various architectures and hyperparameters. However, few studies focus on the effect of sub-word segmentation on the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Jue Hou , Anisia Katinskaia , Anh-Duc Vu , Roman Yangarber

Morphologically-rich polysynthetic languages present a challenge for NLP systems due to data sparsity, and a common strategy to handle this issue is to apply subword segmentation. We investigate a wide variety of supervised and unsupervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Manuel Mager , Arturo Oncevay , Elisabeth Mager , Katharina Kann , Ngoc Thang Vu

Tokenizers act as a bridge between human language and the latent space of language models, influencing how language is represented in these models. Due to the immense popularity of English-Centric Large Language Models (LLMs), efforts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Menan Velayuthan , Kengatharaiyer Sarveswaran

We introduce a morpheme-aware subword tokenization method that utilizes sub-character decomposition to address the challenges of applying Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) to Korean, a language characterized by its rich morphology and unique writing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Taehee Jeon , Bongseok Yang , Changhwan Kim , Yoonseob Lim

Subword tokenization methods, such as Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE), significantly impact the performance and efficiency of large language models (LLMs). The standard approach involves training a general-purpose tokenizer that uniformly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Vijini Liyanage , François Yvon

Subword tokenization is a key design choice for modern language models, including large language models (LLMs), with byte- and character-level BPE serving as a widely used baseline. Standard BPE selects merges by raw pair frequency, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Azam Nouri

Tokenization significantly influences language models(LMs)' performance. This paper traces the evolution of tokenizers from word-level to subword-level, analyzing how they balance tokens and types to enhance model adaptability while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Jinbiao Yang

Subword tokenization has become the prevailing standard in the field of natural language processing (NLP) over recent years, primarily due to the widespread utilization of pre-trained language models. This shift began with Byte-Pair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yanis Labrak , Adrien Bazoge , Beatrice Daille , Mickael Rouvier , Richard Dufour

The impact of subword tokenization on language model performance is well-documented for perplexity, with finer granularity consistently reducing this intrinsic metric. However, research on how different tokenization schemes affect a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Nishant Luitel , Nirajan Bekoju , Anand Kumar Sah , Subarna Shakya

The success of pretrained transformer language models (LMs) in natural language processing has led to a wide range of pretraining setups. In particular, these models employ a variety of subword tokenization methods, most notably byte-pair…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Kaj Bostrom , Greg Durrett

With the increasing attention to molecular machine learning, various innovations have been made in designing better models or proposing more comprehensive benchmarks. However, less is studied on the data preprocessing schedule for molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yuchen Shen , Barnabás Póczos

Typically, tokenization is the very first step in most text processing works. As a token serves as an atomic unit that embeds the contextual information of text, how to define a token plays a decisive role in the performance of a model.Even…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Kyubyong Park , Joohong Lee , Seongbo Jang , Dawoon Jung

Tokenization is a critical part of modern NLP pipelines. However, contemporary tokenizers for Large Language Models are based on statistical analysis of text corpora, without much consideration to the linguistic features. I propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Haris Jabbar

Tokenization is an important text preprocessing step to prepare input tokens for deep language models. WordPiece and BPE are de facto methods employed by important models, such as BERT and GPT. However, the impact of tokenization can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Cagri Toraman , Eyup Halit Yilmaz , Furkan Şahinuç , Oguzhan Ozcelik

Adapting pretrained language models to low-resource, morphologically rich languages remains a significant challenge. Existing vocabulary expansion methods typically rely on arbitrarily segmented subword units, resulting in fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hailay Teklehaymanot , Dren Fazlija , Wolfgang Nejdl

Bengali is an underrepresented language in NLP research. However, it remains a challenge due to its unique linguistic structure and computational constraints. In this work, we systematically investigate the challenges that hinder Bengali…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Shimanto Bhowmik , Tawsif Tashwar Dipto , Md Sazzad Islam , Sheryl Hsu , Tahsin Reasat

We present three innovations in tokenization and subword segmentation. First, we propose to use unsupervised morphological analysis with Morfessor as pre-tokenization. Second, we present an algebraic method for obtaining subword embeddings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Jindřich Libovický , Jindřich Helcl

Tokenisation is the first step in almost all NLP tasks, and state-of-the-art transformer-based language models all use subword tokenisation algorithms to process input text. Existing algorithms have problems, often producing tokenisations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Edward Gow-Smith , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Carolina Scarton , Aline Villavicencio

Byte-Pair Encoding (BPE) is an algorithm commonly used in Natural Language Processing to build a vocabulary of subwords, which has been recently applied to symbolic music. Given that symbolic music can differ significantly from text,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Dinh-Viet-Toan Le , Louis Bigo , Mikaela Keller

We investigate tokenization strategies for Kurdish word embeddings by comparing word-level, morpheme-based, and BPE approaches on morphological similarity preservation tasks. We develop a BiLSTM-CRF morphological segmenter using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ali Salehi , Cassandra L. Jacobs