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Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a formal language for specifying real-time behaviors of cyber-physical systems (CPS). Automatically transforming natural language requirements into STL specifications has received growing attention. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yue Fang , Zhi Jin , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a specification language for finite sequences (called traces) widely used in program verification, motion planning in robotics, process mining, and many other areas. We consider the problem of learning LTL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Ritam Raha , Rajarshi Roy , Nathanaël Fijalkow , Daniel Neider

Multi-task learning (MTL) seeks to improve the generalized performance of learning specific tasks, exploiting useful information incorporated in related tasks. As a promising area, this paper studies an MTL-based control approach…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-01 Andres Arias , Chuangchuang Sun

In this paper, we investigate the problem of Model Predictive Control (MPC) of dynamic systems for high-level specifications described by Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. Recent works show that MPC has the great potential in handling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-16 Xinyi Yu , Chuwei Wang , Dingran Yuan , Shaoyuan Li , Xiang Yin

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers verifiable task specifications and is crucial for safety-critical control. Yet STL planning remains challenging: exact optimization-based methods are often too slow, and learning-based methods struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Bowen Ye , Ancheng Hou , Junyue Huang , Ruijia Liu , Xiang Yin

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) inference learns interpretable logical rules for temporal behaviors in dynamical systems. To ensure the correctness of learned STL formulas, recent approaches have incorporated conformal prediction as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yixuan Wang , Danyang Li , Matthew Cleaveland , Roberto Tron , Mingyu Cai

Symbolic control problems aim to synthesize control policies for dynamical systems under complex temporal specifications. For such problems, Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is increasingly used as the formal specification language due to its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-17 Shirantha Welikala , Hai Lin , Panos J. Antsaklis

This paper revisits the classical notion of sampling in the setting of real-time temporal logics for the modeling and analysis of systems. The relationship between the satisfiability of Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) formulas over…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Carlo A. Furia , Matteo Rossi

In this work, we present a novel robustness measure for continuous-time stochastic trajectories with respect to Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. We show the soundness of the measure and develop a monitor for reasoning about…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Roland B. Ilyes , Qi Heng Ho , Morteza Lahijanian

As learned control policies become increasingly common in autonomous systems, there is increasing need to ensure that they are interpretable and can be checked by human stakeholders. Formal specifications have been proposed as ways to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Isabelle Hurley , Rohan Paleja , Ashley Suh , Jaime D. Peña , Ho Chit Siu

Many complex cyber-physical systems can be modeled as heterogeneous components interacting with each other in real-time. We assume that the correctness of each component can be specified as a requirement satisfied by the output signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Sara Mohammadinejad , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh , Aniruddh G. Puranic

CTL is the dominant temporal specification language in practice mainly due to the fact that it admits model checking in linear time. Logic programming and the database query language Datalog are often used as an implementation platform for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Foto Afrati , Theodore Andronikos , Vassia Pavlaki , Eugenie Foustoucos , Irene Guessarian

Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL) and Continuous Stochastic Logic (CSL) are often used to describe specifications of probabilistic properties for discrete time and continuous time, respectively. In PCTL and CSL, the possibility of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-11-15 Takashi Tomita , Shigeki Hagihara , Naoki Yonezaki

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful formal language for specifying real-time specifications of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Transforming specifications written in natural language into STL formulas automatically has attracted…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Yue Fang , Jin Zhi , Jie An , Hongshen Chen , Xiaohong Chen , Naijun Zhan

Model checking for real-timed systems is a rich and diverse topic. Among the different logics considered, Metric Interval Temporal Logic (MITL) is a powerful and commonly used logic, which can succinctly encode many interesting timed…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-19 S. Akshay , Prerak Contractor , Paul Gastin , R. Govind , B. Srivathsan

Safety verification for autonomous vehicles (AVs) and ground robots is crucial for ensuring reliable operation given their uncertain environments. Formal language tools provide a robust and sound method to verify safety rules for such…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Aditya Parameshwaran , Yue Wang

Much of the recent work developing formal methods techniques to specify or learn the behavior of autonomous systems is predicated on a belief that formal specifications are interpretable and useful for humans when checking systems. Though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ho Chit Siu , Kevin Leahy , Makai Mann

This paper addresses the problem of learning optimal policies for satisfying signal temporal logic (STL) specifications by agents with unknown stochastic dynamics. The system is modeled as a Markov decision process, in which the states…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Derya Aksaray , Austin Jones , Zhaodan Kong , Mac Schwager , Calin Belta

Time series classification is a task of paramount importance, as this kind of data often arises in safety-critical applications. However, it is typically tackled with black-box deep learning methods, making it hard for humans to understand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Irene Ferfoglia , Simone Silvetti , Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi

This paper presents an algorithmic framework for control synthesis of continuous dynamical systems subject to signal temporal logic (STL) specifications. We propose a novel algorithm to obtain a time-partitioned finite automaton from an STL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-05 Qi Heng Ho , Roland B. Ilyes , Zachary N. Sunberg , Morteza Lahijanian