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In this article, we study approximation properties of the variation spaces corresponding to shallow neural networks with a variety of activation functions. We introduce two main tools for estimating the metric entropy, approximation rates,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-26 Jonathan W. Siegel , Jinchao Xu

Neural networks activated by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) play a central role in the recent development of deep learning. The topic of approximating functions from H\"older spaces by these networks is crucial for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Tong Mao , Ding-Xuan Zhou

As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong

We consider the problem of approximating an analytic function on a compact interval from its values at $M+1$ distinct points. When the points are equispaced, a recent result (the so-called impossibility theorem) has shown that the best…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-04-09 Ben Adcock , Rodrigo Platte , Alexei Shadrin

Monotonicity constraints are powerful regularizers in statistical modelling. They can support fairness in computer-aided decision making and increase plausibility in data-driven scientific models. The seminal min-max (MM) neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Christian Igel

In this paper, we extend several approximation theorems, originally formulated in the context of the standard $L^p$ norm, to the more general framework of variable exponent spaces. Our study is motivated by applications in neural networks,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Mitsuo Izuki , Takahiro Noi , Yoshihiro Sawano , Hirokazu Tanaka

Overparameterized neural networks enjoy great representation power on complex data, and more importantly yield sufficiently smooth output, which is crucial to their generalization and robustness. Most existing function approximation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-10 Hao Liu , Minshuo Chen , Siawpeng Er , Wenjing Liao , Tong Zhang , Tuo Zhao

In the desire to quantify the success of neural networks in deep learning and other applications, there is a great interest in understanding which functions are efficiently approximated by the outputs of neural networks. By now, there…

Operator learning has been highly successful for continuous mappings between infinite-dimensional spaces, such as PDE solution operators. However, many operators of interest-including differential operators-are discontinuous or set-valued,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Takashi Furuya , Yury Korolev , Takaharu Yaguchi

Stochastic gradient descent type methods are ubiquitous in machine learning, but they are only applicable to the optimization of differentiable functions. Proximal algorithms are more general and applicable to nonsmooth functions. We…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Laurent Condat , Elnur Gasanov , Peter Richtárik

We study uniform $\epsilon-$BPB approximations of bounded linear operators between Banach spaces from a geometric perspective. We show that for sufficiently small positive values of $\epsilon,$ many geometric properties like smoothness,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-08-14 Debmalya Sain , Arpita Mal , Kalidas Mandal , Kallol Paul

Recent years have witnessed a hot wave of deep neural networks in various domains; however, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A theoretical characterization of deep neural networks should point out their approximation ability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Gao Zhang , Jin-Hui Wu , Shao-Qun Zhang

Probabilistic conditioning is concerned with the identification of a distribution of a random variable $X$ given a random variable $Y$. It is a cornerstone of scientific and engineering applications where modeling uncertainty is key. This…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-13 Panos Tsimpos , Edoardo Calvello , Ayoub Belhadji , Nicholas H. Nelsen

In this paper, we introduce a method known as polynomial frame approximation for approximating smooth, multivariate functions defined on irregular domains in $d$ dimensions, where $d$ can be arbitrary. This method is simple, and relies only…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-05-27 Ben Adcock , Daan Huybrechs

The purpose of this paper is to study the approximation of vector valued mappings defined on a subset of a normed space. We investigate Korovkin-type conditions under which a given sequence of linear operators becomes a so-called…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Lorenzo D'Ambrosio

We analyse the convergence of sampling algorithms for functions in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). To this end, we discuss approximation properties of kernel regression under minimalistic assumptions on both the kernel and the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-21 Armin Iske

Universal approximation theorems provide a mathematical explanation for the expressive power of neural networks. They assert that, under mild conditions on the activation function, feedforward neural networks are dense in broad function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Soumendu Sundar Mukherjee , Himasish Talukdar

In this article, we study the convergence behaviour of the classical generalized Max Product exponential sampling series in the weighted space of log-uniformly continuous and bounded functions. We derive basic convergence results for both…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-09-25 Satyaranjan Pradhan , Madan Mohan Soren

We study moment rearrangement invariant spaces, which contain as particular cases the generalized Grand Lebesgue Spaces, and provide norm estimates for some operators, not necessarily linear, acting between some measurable rearrangement…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-26 M. R. Formica , E. Ostrovsky , L. Sirota

Fitting network models to neural activity is an important tool in neuroscience. A popular approach is to model a brain area with a probabilistic recurrent spiking network whose parameters maximize the likelihood of the recorded activity.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-16 Guillaume Bellec , Shuqi Wang , Alireza Modirshanechi , Johanni Brea , Wulfram Gerstner