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Out-of-distribution (OOD) object detection is a critical task focused on detecting objects that originate from a data distribution different from that of the training data. In this study, we investigate to what extent state-of-the-art…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Sadia Ilyas , Ido Freeman , Matthias Rottmann

Object detectors have achieved remarkable performance in many applications; however, these deep learning models are typically designed under the i.i.d. assumption, meaning they are trained and evaluated on data sampled from the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Sara Al-Emadi , Yin Yang , Ferda Ofli

Practical object detection application can lose its effectiveness on image inputs with natural distribution shifts. This problem leads the research community to pay more attention on the robustness of detectors under Out-Of-Distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Xiaofeng Mao , Yuefeng Chen , Yao Zhu , Da Chen , Hang Su , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

Despite agreement on the importance of detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples, there is little consensus on the formal definition of OOD examples and how to best detect them. We categorize these examples by whether they exhibit a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Udit Arora , William Huang , He He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

In image classification, a lot of development has happened in detecting out-of-distribution (OoD) data. However, most OoD detection methods are evaluated on a standard set of datasets, arbitrarily different from training data. There is no…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jishnu Mukhoti , Tsung-Yu Lin , Bor-Chun Chen , Ashish Shah , Philip H. S. Torr , Puneet K. Dokania , Ser-Nam Lim

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection in computer vision is a crucial research area, with related benchmarks playing a vital role in assessing the generalizability of models and their applicability in real-world scenarios. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Alberto Bacchin , Davide Allegro , Stefano Ghidoni , Emanuele Menegatti

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection plays a vital role in enhancing the reliability of machine learning (ML) models. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has catalyzed a paradigm shift within the ML community, showcasing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Bo Liu , Liming Zhan , Zexin Lu , Yujie Feng , Lei Xue , Xiao-Ming Wu

Deep learning has achieved tremendous success with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) data. However, the performance of neural networks often degenerates drastically when encountering out-of-distribution (OoD) data, i.e., when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Nanyang Ye , Kaican Li , Haoyue Bai , Runpeng Yu , Lanqing Hong , Fengwei Zhou , Zhenguo Li , Jun Zhu

Most existing evaluations of text-to-motion generation focus on in-distribution textual inputs and a limited set of evaluation criteria, which restricts their ability to systematically assess model generalization and motion generation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Bin Yang , Rong Ou , Weisheng Xu , Jiaqi Xiong , Xintao Li , Taowen Wang , Luyu Zhu , Xu Jiang , Jing Tan , Renjing Xu

State-of-the-art Object Detection (OD) methods predominantly operate under a closed-world assumption, where test-time categories match those encountered during training. However, detecting and localizing unknown objects is crucial for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Daniel Montoya , Aymen Bouguerra , Alexandra Gomez-Villa , Fabio Arnez

Out-of-distribution detection (OOD) is a pivotal task for real-world applications that trains models to identify samples that are distributionally different from the in-distribution (ID) data during testing. Recent advances in AI,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Chaohua Li , Enhao Zhang , Chuanxing Geng , Songcan Chen

This paper presents a novel evaluation framework for Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection that aims to assess the performance of machine learning models in more realistic settings. We observed that the real-world requirements for testing OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Vahid Reza Khazaie , Anthony Wong , Mohammad Sabokrou

Effective Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is criti-cal for ensuring the reliability of semantic segmentation models, particularly in complex road environments where safety and accuracy are paramount. Despite recent advancements in large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Jeonghyo Song , Kimin Yun , DaeUng Jo , Jinyoung Kim , Youngjoon Yoo

Out-of-distribution (OOD) object detection is an important yet underexplored task. A reliable object detector should be able to handle OOD objects by localizing and correctly classifying them as OOD. However, a critical issue arises when…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sadia Ilyas , Annika Mütze , Klaus Friedrichs , Thomas Kurbiel , Matthias Rottmann

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning deals with scenarios in which training and test data follow different distributions. Although general OOD problems have been intensively studied in machine learning, graph OOD is only an emerging area of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Limei Wang , Shuiwang Ji

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is vital to safety-critical machine learning applications and has thus been extensively studied, with a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, the field currently lacks a unified,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Jingkang Yang , Pengyun Wang , Dejian Zou , Zitang Zhou , Kunyuan Ding , Wenxuan Peng , Haoqi Wang , Guangyao Chen , Bo Li , Yiyou Sun , Xuefeng Du , Kaiyang Zhou , Wayne Zhang , Dan Hendrycks , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

This paper introduces a universal approach to seamlessly combine out-of-distribution (OOD) detection scores. These scores encompass a wide range of techniques that leverage the self-confidence of deep learning models and the anomalous…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Eduardo Dadalto , Florence Alberge , Pierre Duhamel , Pablo Piantanida

Existing Visual-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved significant progress by being trained on massive-scale datasets, typically under the assumption that data are independent and identically distributed (IID). However, in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Ling Lin , Yang Bai , Heng Su , Congcong Zhu , Yaoxing Wang , Yang Zhou , Huazhu Fu , Jingrun Chen
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