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Despite the rapid growth of smart contracts, they are suffering numerous security vulnerabilities due to the absence of reliable development and testing. In this article, we apply the metamorphic testing technique to detect smart contract…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Jiahao Li

A smart contract that is deployed to a blockchain system like Ethereum is, under reasonable circumstances, expected to be immutable and tamper-proof. This is both a feature (promoting integrity and transparency) and a bug (preventing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-03 Mehdi Salehi , Jeremy Clark , Mohammad Mannan

The wide application of Ethereum technology has brought technological innovation to traditional industries. As one of Ethereum's core applications, smart contracts utilize diverse contract codes to meet various functional needs and have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiacheng Yao , Maolin Wang , Wanqi Chen , Chengxiang Jin , Jiajun Zhou , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan

The security of smart contracts is critical in blockchain systems, where even minor vulnerabilities can lead to substantial financial losses. Researchers proposed several vulnerability detection tools evaluated using existing benchmarks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Gerardo Iuliano , Luigi Allocca , Matteo Cicalese , Dario Di Nucci

Front-running attacks have been a major concern on the blockchain. Attackers launch front-running attacks by inserting additional transactions before upcoming victim transactions to manipulate victim transaction executions and make profits.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Wuqi Zhang , Lili Wei , Shing-Chi Cheung , Yepang Liu , Shuqing Li , Lu Liu , Michael R. Lyu

Bitcoin has attracted everyone's attention and interest recently. Ethereum (ETH), a second generation cryptocurrency, extends Bitcoin's design by offering a Turing-complete programming language called Solidity to develop smart contracts.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Jiao Jiao , Shuanglong Kan , Shang-Wei Lin , David Sanan , Yang Liu , Jun Sun

With the rapid growth of the NFT market, the security of smart contracts has become crucial. However, existing AI-based detection models for NFT contract vulnerabilities remain limited due to their complexity, while traditional manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xin Wang , Xiaoqi Li

The large-scale deployment of Solidity smart contracts on the Ethereum mainnet has increasingly attracted financially-motivated attackers in recent years. A few now-infamous attacks in Ethereum's history includes DAO attack in 2016 (50…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Md Tauseef Alam , Raju Halder , Abyayananda Maiti

Blockchain and smart contract technology are novel approaches to data and code management that facilitate trusted computing by allowing for development in a distributed and decentralized manner. Testing smart contracts comes with its own…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Stefan Driessen , Dario Di Nucci , Geert Monsieur , Damian A. Tamburri , Willem-Jan van den Heuvel

Due to the inherent immutability of blockchain technology, smart contract updates require their deployment at new addresses rather than modifying existing ones, thus fragmenting version histories and creating critical blind spots for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji , Vinny Adjibi , Moustapha Awwalou Diouf , Gervais Mendy , Kui Liu , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande

Motivated by the immutable nature of Ethereum smart contracts and of their transactions, quite many approaches have been proposed to detect defects and security problems before smart contracts become persistent in the blockchain and they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Filippo Contro , Marco Crosara , Mariano Ceccato , Mila Dalla Preda

Even though much progress has been made in identifying and mitigating smart contract vulnerabilities, we often hear about coding or design issues leading to great financial losses. This paper presents our progress toward finding defects…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Stefan-Claudiu Susan

Smart contracts are appealing because they are self-executing business agreements between parties with the predefined and immutable obligations and rights. However, as with all software, smart contracts may contain vulnerabilities because…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-10 Weifeng Xu , Glenn A. Fink

As one of the representative blockchain platforms, Ethereum has attracted lots of attacks. Due to the existed financial loss, there is a pressing need to perform timely investigation and detect more attack instances. Though multiple systems…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Lei Wu , Siwei Wu , Yajin Zhou , Runhuai Li , Zhi Wang , Xiapu Luo , Cong Wang , Kui Ren

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs that execute on the infrastructure of the blockchain, which often manage valuable digital assets. Solidity is one of the most popular programming languages for writing smart contracts on the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Tai D. Nguyen , Long H. Pham , Jun Sun , Yun Lin , Quang Tran Minh

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

The inherent determinism of blockchain technology poses a significant challenge to generating secure random numbers within smart contracts, leading to exploitable vulnerabilities, particularly in decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hadis Rezaei , Ahmed Afif Monrat , Karl Andersson , Francesco Flammini

Smart contracts concentrate high value assets and complex logic in small, immutable programs, where even minor bugs can cause major losses. Existing taxonomies and tools remain fragmented, organized around symptoms such as reentrancy rather…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Parsa Hedayatnia , Tina Tavakkoli , Hadi Amini , Mohammad Allahbakhsh , Haleh Amintoosi

In recent years Smart Contracts and DApps are becoming increasingly important and widespread thanks to the properties of blockchain technology. In most cases DApps are business critical, and very strict security requirements should be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Lodovica Marchesi , Michele Marchesi , Livio Pompianu , Roberto Tonelli

Smart contracts are programs running on a blockchain. They are immutable to change, and hence can not be patched for bugs once deployed. Thus it is critical to ensure they are bug-free and well-designed before deployment. A Contract defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Daniel Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen