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Cross-layer key-value (KV) compression has been found to be effective in efficient inference of large language models (LLMs). Although they reduce the memory consumption of the KV cache, such methods usually introduce non-negligible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 You Wu , Ziheng Chen , Yizhen Zhang , Haoyi Wu , Chengting Yu , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Kewei Tu

Visual Autoregressive (VAR) models have recently demonstrated impressive image generation quality while maintaining low latency. However, they suffer from severe KV-cache memory constraints, often requiring gigabytes of memory per generated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Jonathan Cederlund , Axel Berg , Durmus Alp Emre Acar , Chuteng Zhou , Pontus Giselsson

Auto-regressive inference of transformers benefit greatly from Key-Value (KV) caching, but can lead to major memory bottlenecks as model size, batch size, and sequence length grow at scale. We introduce Multi-Layer Key-Value (MLKV) sharing,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zayd Muhammad Kawakibi Zuhri , Muhammad Farid Adilazuarda , Ayu Purwarianti , Alham Fikri Aji

Cache fusion accelerates generation process of LLMs equipped with RAG through KV caching and selective token recomputation, thereby reducing computational costs and improving efficiency. However, existing methods primarily rely on local…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Jianxin Yan , Zeheng Qian , Wangze Ni , Zhitao Shen , Zhiping Wang , Haoyang Li , Jia Zhu , Lei Chen , Kui Ren

Large language models (LLMs) are typically served from clusters of GPUs/NPUs that consist of large number of devices. Unfortunately, communication between these devices incurs significant overhead, increasing the inference latency and cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ahmet Caner Yüzügüler , Jiawei Zhuang , Lukas Cavigelli

In the field of instruction-following large vision-language models (LVLMs), the efficient deployment of these models faces challenges, notably due to the high memory demands of their key-value (KV) caches. Conventional cache management…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zuyan Liu , Benlin Liu , Jiahui Wang , Yuhao Dong , Guangyi Chen , Yongming Rao , Ranjay Krishna , Jiwen Lu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) are becoming integral to many AI inference systems, enhancing their capabilities with advanced reasoning. However, deploying these models in production environments presents a significant QoS challenge: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kaiwen Chen , Xin Tan , Minchen Yu , Jingzong Li , Hong Xu

The large size of the KV cache has become a major bottleneck for serving LLMs with increasing context lengths. In response, many KV cache compression methods, such as token dropping and quantization, have been proposed. However, almost all…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jiayi Yao , Samuel Shen , Kuntai Du , Shaoting Feng , Dongjoo Seo , Rui Zhang , Yuyang Huang , Yuhan Liu , Shan Lu , Junchen Jiang

Large language model (LLM) applications often reuse previously processed context, such as chat history and documents, which introduces significant redundant computation. Existing LLM serving systems address such redundant computation by…

Retrieval-augmented generation improves large language models' accuracy by adding relevant retrieved text to the prompt. Chunk level caching (CLC) accelerates inference by precomputing KV caches for these retrieved chunks and reusing them.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Samuel Cestola , Tianxiang Xia , Zheng Weiyan , Zheng Pengfei , Diego Didona

Efficient Key-Value (KV) cache management is essential for processing long text sequences in large language models (LLMs), where memory constraints often limit performance. Conventional KV eviction strategies, such as top-k selection based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xuelin Li , Xiangqi Jin , Linfeng Zhang

Long-context inference in large language models (LLMs) is increasingly constrained by the KV cache bottleneck: memory usage grows linearly with sequence length, while attention computation scales quadratically. Existing approaches address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Huanxuan Liao , Yixing Xu , Shizhu He , Guanchen Li , Xuanwu Yin , Dong Li , Emad Barsoum , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

The growing size of Large Language Models (LLMs) makes efficient inference challenging, primarily due to the memory demands of the autoregressive Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing eviction or compression methods reduce cost but rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Luca Moschella , Laura Manduchi , Ozan Sener

Several works have developed eviction policies to remove key-value (KV) pairs from the KV cache for more efficient inference. The focus has been on compressing the KV cache after the input prompt has been processed for faster token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Michael R. Metel , Boxing Chen , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh

Long-horizon LLM inference turns the key--value (KV) cache into the dominant GPU memory consumer and makes per-token attention increasingly expensive. Many common eviction policies use static recency windows or historical attention, leaving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yubo Li , Yidi Miao

Serving large language models (LLMs) at scale necessitates efficient key-value (KV) cache management. KV caches can be reused across conversation turns via shared-prefix prompts that are common in iterative code editing and chat. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Konrad Staniszewski , Adrian Łańcucki

Persistent key-value (KV) stores mostly build on the Log-Structured Merge (LSM) tree for high write performance, yet the LSM-tree suffers from the inherently high I/O amplification. KV separation mitigates I/O amplification by storing only…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Yongkun Li , Helen H. W. Chan , Patrick P. C. Lee , Yinlong Xu

Key-value (KV) cache memory management is the primary bottleneck limiting throughput and cost-efficiency in large-scale GPU inference serving. Current systems suffer from three compounding inefficiencies: (1) the absence of unified KV cache…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sanjeev Rao Ganjihal

Efficient state restoration in multi-turn conversations with large language models (LLMs) remains a critical challenge, primarily due to the overhead of recomputing or loading full key-value (KV) caches for all historical tokens. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junyi Wen , Junyuan Liang , Zicong Hong , Wuhui Chen , Ting Cai , Zibin Zheng

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly trained to support very large context windows. We present Compactor, a training-free, query-agnostic KV compression strategy that uses approximate leverage scores to determine token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Vivek Chari , Benjamin Van Durme
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