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The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) on downstream tasks usually hinges on instruction tuning, which relies critically on the quality of training data. Unfortunately, collecting high-quality and diverse data is both expensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Hang Zhou , Yehui Tang , Haochen Qin , Yujie Yang , Renren Jin , Deyi Xiong , Kai Han , Yunhe Wang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated strong capabilities across a wide range of tasks, and their application in the medical domain holds particular promise due to the demand for high generalizability and reliance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yangyang Zhuang , Wenjia Jiang , Jiayu Zhang , Ze Yang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Chi Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results on natural language tasks, and security researchers are beginning to employ them in both offensive and defensive systems. In cyber-security, there have been multiple research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiacen Xu , Jack W. Stokes , Geoff McDonald , Xuesong Bai , David Marshall , Siyue Wang , Adith Swaminathan , Zhou Li

The rise of (multimodal) large language models (LLMs) has shed light on software agent -- where software can understand and follow user instructions in natural language. However, existing approaches such as API-based and GUI-based agents…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mengwei Xu

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous, tool-calling agents has fundamentally altered the cybersecurity landscape. Frameworks like OpenClaw grant AI systems operating-system-level permissions and the autonomy to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zonghao Ying , Xiao Yang , Siyang Wu , Yumeng Song , Yang Qu , Hainan Li , Tianlin Li , Jiakai Wang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly capable but often require significant guidance or extensive interaction history to perform effectively in complex, interactive environments. Existing methods may struggle with adapting to new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Samuel Holt , Max Ruiz Luyten , Thomas Pouplin , Mihaela van der Schaar

The rise of Large Language Model (LLM) agents, augmented with tool use, skills, and external knowledge, has introduced new security risks. Among them, prompt injection attacks, where adversaries embed malicious instructions into the agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Shihao Weng , Yang Feng , Jinrui Zhang , Xiaofei Xie , Jiongchi Yu , Jia Liu

Neural ranking models (NRMs) have been shown to be highly effective in terms of retrieval performance. Unfortunately, they have also displayed a higher degree of sensitivity to attacks than previous generation models. To help expose and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Yu-An Liu , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo , Maarten de Rijke , Yixing Fan , Xueqi Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance response credibility and traceability by displaying reference contexts, but this transparency simultaneously introduces a novel black-box attack vector. Existing document poisoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Runqi Sui

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated enhanced capabilities in function-calling, these advancements primarily rely on accessing the functions' responses. This methodology is practical for simpler APIs but faces scalability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Somnath Sendhil Kumar , Dhruv Jain , Eshaan Agarwal , Raunak Pandey

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are foundational to modern multimodal applications, yet their susceptibility to adversarial attacks remains a critical concern. Prior white-box attacks rarely generalize across tasks, and black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Hefei Mei , Zirui Wang , Chang Xu , Jianyuan Guo , Minjing Dong

Over the past two years, the use of large language models (LLMs) has advanced rapidly. While these LLMs offer considerable convenience, they also raise security concerns, as LLMs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks by some well-designed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Guang Lin , Toshihisa Tanaka , Qibin Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass their safety mechanisms. Existing attack methods are fixed or specifically tailored for certain models and cannot flexibly adjust attack strength, which is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiting Dong , Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

Training robust deep learning models for down-stream tasks is a critical challenge. Research has shown that down-stream models can be easily fooled with adversarial inputs that look like the training data, but slightly perturbed, in a way…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Mahmoud Hossam , Trung Le , He Zhao , Dinh Phung

Policy exploration is critical in reinforcement learning (RL), where existing approaches include greedy, Gaussian process, etc. However, these approaches utilize preset stochastic processes and are indiscriminately applied in all kinds of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Qianyue Hao , Yiwen Song , Qingmin Liao , Jian Yuan , Yong Li

Large Language Models(LLMs) have been successful in numerous fields. Alignment has usually been applied to prevent them from harmful purposes. However, aligned LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that deliberately mislead them into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shang Liu , Hanyu Pei , Zeyan Liu

Predictive modeling on tabular data is the cornerstone of many real-world applications. Although gradient boosting machines and some recent deep models achieve strong performance on tabular data, they often lack interpretability. On the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Tommy Xu , Zhitian Zhang , Xiangyu Sun , Lauren Kelly Zung , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

Tool-calling has changed Large Language Model (LLM) applications by integrating external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality across diverse tasks. However, this integration also introduces new security vulnerabilities,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Haowei Wang , Rupeng Zhang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Natural language interfaces to structured databases are becoming increasingly common, largely due to advances in large language models (LLMs) that enable users to query data using conversational input rather than formal query languages such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Farzad Nourmohammadzadeh Motlagh , Mehrdad Hajizadeh , Mehryar Majd , Pejman Najafi , Feng Cheng , Christoph Meinel

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable fluency across various tasks. However, their unethical applications, such as disseminating disinformation, have become a growing concern. Although recent works have proposed a number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 James Wang , Ran Li , Junfeng Yang , Chengzhi Mao