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Automated source code refactoring, particularly extract method refactoring, is a crucial and frequently employed technique during software development. Despite its importance and frequent use by practitioners, current automated techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Indranil Palit , Tushar Sharma

In practice, rigorous reasoning is often a key driver of correct code, while Reinforcement Learning (RL) for code generation often neglects optimizing reasoning quality. Bringing process-level supervision into RL is appealing, but it faces…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Lishui Fan , Yu Zhang , Mouxiang Chen , Zhongxin Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

The utilization of programming language (PL) models, pre-trained on large-scale code corpora, as a means of automating software engineering processes has demonstrated considerable potential in streamlining various code generation tasks such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Parshin Shojaee , Aneesh Jain , Sindhu Tipirneni , Chandan K. Reddy

Sampling diverse programs from a code language model and reranking with model likelihood is a popular method for code generation but it is prone to preferring degenerate solutions. Inspired by collaborative programming, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Tianyi Zhang , Tao Yu , Tatsunori B. Hashimoto , Mike Lewis , Wen-tau Yih , Daniel Fried , Sida I. Wang

Code generation models have shown significant potential for programming tasks. However, existing training methods like supervised fine-tuning face key limitations: they do not effectively teach models to prioritize correct over incorrect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Yihong Dong , Jingjing Xu , Jun Zhang , Jing Su , Yongfei Liu , Zhi Jin

As a typical open-ended generation task, creative writing lacks verifiable reference answers, which has long constrained reward modeling and automatic evaluation due to high human annotation costs, evaluative bias, and coarse feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jihao Zhao , Shuaishuai Zu , Zhiyuan Ji , Chunlai Zhou , Biao Qin

Existing reinforcement learning strategies based on outcome supervision have proven effective in enhancing the performance of large language models(LLMs) for code generation. While reinforcement learning based on process supervision has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yufan Ye , Ting Zhang , Wenbin Jiang , Hua Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) generate functionally correct solutions but often fall short in code efficiency, a critical bottleneck for real-world deployment. In this paper, we introduce a novel test-time iterative optimization framework to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mingzhe Du , Luu Anh Tuan , Yue Liu , Yuhao Qing , Dong Huang , Xinyi He , Qian Liu , Zejun Ma , See-kiong Ng

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance, inspiring researchers to explore their use in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation and improving hardware design efficiency. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Xiao Xiao , Wenming Li , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in solving complex mathematical problems, yet they still fall short of producing accurate and consistent solutions. Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework for aligning these models with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ali Hatamizadeh , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Igor Gitman , Ximing Lu , Seungju Han , Wei Ping , Yejin Choi , Jan Kautz

Self-correction has demonstrated potential in code generation by allowing language models to revise and improve their outputs through successive refinement. Recent studies have explored prompting-based strategies that incorporate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jeonghun Cho , Deokhyung Kang , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Pre-trained language models have been successful in natural language generation (NLG) tasks. While various decoding methods have been employed, they often produce suboptimal results. We first present an empirical analysis of three NLG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Dongfu Jiang , Bill Yuchen Lin , Xiang Ren

Training next-generation code generation models requires high-quality datasets, yet existing datasets face difficulty imbalance, format inconsistency, and data quality problems. We address these challenges through systematic data processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zongqian Li , Tengchao Lv , Shaohan Huang , Yixuan Su , Qinzheng Sun , Qiufeng Yin , Ying Xin , Scarlett Li , Lei Cui , Nigel Collier , Furu Wei

While originally developed for continuous control problems, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) has emerged as the work-horse of a variety of reinforcement learning (RL) applications, including the fine-tuning of generative models.…

Several recent advances in AI systems solve problems by providing a "scaffolding" program that structures multiple calls to language models (LMs) to generate better outputs. A scaffolding program is written in a programming language such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Eric Zelikman , Eliana Lorch , Lester Mackey , Adam Tauman Kalai

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has exhibited promise in utilizing external knowledge, its generation process heavily depends on the quality and accuracy of the retrieved context. Large language models (LLMs) struggle to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shi-Qi Yan , Quan Liu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Generating accurate and executable code using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge for underrepresented programming languages, such as Prolog and Lisp, due to the scarcity of public training data compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Federico Pennino , Bianca Raimondi , Massimo Rondelli , Andrea Gurioli , Maurizio Gabbrielli

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong code generation capabilities, yet the runtime performance of generated code is not guaranteed, and there have been few attempts to train LLMs using runtime performance as a reward in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ryo Mikasa , Shun-ichiro Hayashi , Daichi Mukunoki , Tetsuya Hoshino , Takahiro Katagiri

While code large language models have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, the generated code often exhibits poor runtime efficiency, limiting its practical application in performance-sensitive scenarios. To address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Xiao Xu , Binyuan Hui , Junyang Lin
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