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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in various applications with large-scale and balanced data. However, data in real-world visual recognition are usually long-tailed, bringing challenges to efficient training and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yifan Lan , Xin Cai , Jun Cheng , Shan Tan

In scenarios with long-tailed distributions, the model's ability to identify tail classes is limited due to the under-representation of tail samples. Class rebalancing, information augmentation, and other techniques have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Yanbiao Ma , Licheng Jiao , Fang Liu , Shuyuan Yang , Xu Liu , Lingling Li

Long-tailed learning has attracted much attention recently, with the goal of improving generalisation for tail classes. Most existing works use supervised learning without considering the prevailing noise in the training dataset. To move…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Tong Wei , Jiang-Xin Shi , Wei-Wei Tu , Yu-Feng Li

Ancient history relies on the study of ancient characters. However, real-world scanned oracle characters are difficult to collect and annotate, posing a major obstacle for oracle character recognition (OrCR). Besides, serious abrasion and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Mei Wang , Weihong Deng , Sen Su

Long-tailed data bias decision boundaries toward head classes and degrade tail class accuracy. Diffusion-based generative augmentation address this problem by generating additional data, while head-to-tail transfer further mitigate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jiacheng Yang , Ruichi Zhang , Chikai Shang , Mengke Li , Xinyi Shang , Junlong Gao , Yonggang Zhang , Yang Lu

Diffusion models have made significant advances recently in high-quality image synthesis and related tasks. However, diffusion models trained on real-world datasets, which often follow long-tailed distributions, yield inferior fidelity for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Divin Yan , Lu Qi , Vincent Tao Hu , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Meng Tang

Real world data often have a long-tailed and open-ended distribution. A practical recognition system must classify among majority and minority classes, generalize from a few known instances, and acknowledge novelty upon a never seen…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Ziwei Liu , Zhongqi Miao , Xiaohang Zhan , Jiayun Wang , Boqing Gong , Stella X. Yu

Current out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods typically assume balanced in-distribution (ID) data, while most real-world data follow a long-tailed distribution. Previous approaches to long-tailed OOD detection often involve balancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Yina He , Lei Peng , Yongcun Zhang , Juanjuan Weng , Zhiming Luo , Shaozi Li

Despite recent advancements in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, most current studies assume a class-balanced in-distribution training dataset, which is rarely the case in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the challenging task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Tong Wei , Bo-Lin Wang , Min-Ling Zhang

It is not uncommon that real-world data are distributed with a long tail. For such data, the learning of deep neural networks becomes challenging because it is hard to classify tail classes correctly. In the literature, several existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Mengke Li , Yiu-ming Cheung , Yang Lu , Zhikai Hu , Weichao Lan , Hui Huang

Current Chinese calligraphy generation methods suffer from poor stroke rendering and unrealistic ink morphology, resulting in outputs with limited visual fidelity and artistic fluidity. To address this problem, we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Kunchong Shi , Jing Zhang

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is essential for safe deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs). This problem becomes particularly challenging in the presence of long-tailed in-distribution (ID) datasets, often leading to high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Nimeshika Udayangani , Hadi M. Dolatabadi , Sarah Erfani , Christopher Leckie

Dataset distillation seeks to synthesize a compact distilled dataset, enabling models trained on it to achieve performance comparable to models trained on the full dataset. Recent methods for large-scale datasets focus on matching global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xiao Cui , Yulei Qin , Wengang Zhou , Hongsheng Li , Houqiang Li

Split Neural Network, as one of the most common architectures used in vertical federated learning, is popular in industry due to its privacy-preserving characteristics. In this architecture, the party holding the labels seeks cooperation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ying He , Mingyang Niu , Jingyu Hua , Yunlong Mao , Xu Huang , Chen Li , Sheng Zhong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in real-world scenarios, enabling the identification of unknown samples or objects. A prominent approach to enhance OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-05 Heng Gao , Jun Li

Scene Graphs are widely applied in computer vision as a graphical representation of relationships between objects shown in images. However, these applications have not yet reached a practical stage of development owing to biased training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Misaki Ohashi , Yusuke Matsui

Oracle bone script (OBS), as China's earliest mature writing system, present significant challenges in automatic recognition due to their complex pictographic structures and divergence from modern Chinese characters. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Hanqi Jiang , Yi Pan , Junhao Chen , Zhengliang Liu , Yifan Zhou , Peng Shu , Yiwei Li , Huaqin Zhao , Stephen Mihm , Lewis C Howe , Tianming Liu

Real world data often exhibits a long-tailed and open-ended (with unseen classes) distribution. A practical recognition system must balance between majority (head) and minority (tail) classes, generalize across the distribution, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Ziwei Liu , Zhongqi Miao , Xiaohang Zhan , Jiayun Wang , Boqing Gong , Stella X. Yu

The visual world naturally exhibits an imbalance in the number of object or scene instances resulting in a \emph{long-tailed distribution}. This imbalance poses significant challenges for classification models based on deep learning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Rahul Vigneswaran , Marc T. Law , Vineeth N. Balasubramanian , Makarand Tapaswi

Long-tailed imbalance distribution is a common issue in practical computer vision applications. Previous works proposed methods to address this problem, which can be categorized into several classes: re-sampling, re-weighting, transfer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Pengxiao Han , Changkun Ye , Jieming Zhou , Jing Zhang , Jie Hong , Xuesong Li