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This paper addresses the conceptual, methodological and technical challenges in studying large language models (LLMs) and the texts they produce from a quantitative linguistics perspective. It builds on a theoretical framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Jiří Milička

Calculating semantic textual similarity is a foundational task in natural language processing. Current large language models (LLMs) based methods typically rely on extracting last-layer hidden states with fixed dimensions to compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kaijie Zheng , Weiqin Wang , Yile Wang , Hui Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks due to large training datasets and powerful transformer architecture. However, the reliability of responses from LLMs remains a question.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Tiejin Chen , Xiaoou Liu , Longchao Da , Jia Chen , Vagelis Papalexakis , Hua Wei

This essay proposes an interpretive analogy between large language models (LLMs) and quasicrystals, systems that exhibit global coherence without periodic repetition, generated through local constraints. While LLMs are typically evaluated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Jose Manuel Guevara-Vela

Language Confusion is a phenomenon where Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text that is neither in the desired language, nor in a contextually appropriate language. This phenomenon presents a critical challenge in text generation by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Yiyi Chen , Qiongxiu Li , Russa Biswas , Johannes Bjerva

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to various domains, concerns regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs in safety-critical scenarios have been raised, due to their unpredictable tendency to hallucinate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xin Qiu , Risto Miikkulainen

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a major step toward artificial general intelligence, significantly advancing our ability to interact with technology. While LLMs perform well on Natural Language Processing tasks -- such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Brandon Smith , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Tahsin Alamgir Kheya , Phillip Dawson , Sunil Aryal

With the advent of large language models (LLM), the line between human-crafted and machine-generated texts has become increasingly blurred. This paper delves into the inquiry of identifying discernible and unique linguistic properties in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Zae Myung Kim , Kwang Hee Lee , Preston Zhu , Vipul Raheja , Dongyeop Kang

The development and evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has primarily focused on their task-solving capabilities, with recent models even surpassing human performance in some areas. However, this focus often neglects whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yanzhu Guo , Guokan Shang , Chloé Clavel

In light of recent legal allegations brought by publishers, newspapers, and other creators of copyrighted corpora against large language model developers who use their copyrighted materials for training or fine-tuning purposes, we propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Devam Mondal , Carlo Lipizzi

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilised across a range of tasks and domains, with a burgeoning interest in their application within the field of journalism. This trend raises concerns due to our limited understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Filip Trhlik , Pontus Stenetorp

We are exposed to much information trying to influence us, such as teaser messages, debates, politically framed news, and propaganda - all of which use persuasive language. With the recent interest in Large Language Models (LLMs), we study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Amalie Brogaard Pauli , Isabelle Augenstein , Ira Assent

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in daily applications, from content generation to code writing, where each interaction treats the model as stateless, generating responses independently without memory. Yet human writing is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zhanwei Cao , YeoJin Go , Yifan Hu , Shanu Sushmita

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capability in a variety of NLP tasks. However, LLMs are also prone to generate nonfactual content. Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is pivotal in enhancing our understanding of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Caiqi Zhang , Fangyu Liu , Marco Basaldella , Nigel Collier

While Large language models (LLMs) have become excellent writing assistants, they still struggle with quotation generation. This is because they either hallucinate when providing factual quotations or fail to provide quotes that exceed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Jin Xiao , Bowei Zhang , Qianyu He , Jiaqing Liang , Feng Wei , Jinglei Chen , Zujie Liang , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao

Whether large language models (LLMs) process language similarly to humans has been the subject of much theoretical and practical debate. We examine this question through the lens of the production-interpretation distinction found in human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Suet-Ying Lam , Qingcheng Zeng , Jingyi Wu , Rob Voigt

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in natural language generation, yet they continue to display puzzling behaviors -- such as repetition and incoherence -- even when exhibiting low perplexity. This highlights a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xin Du , Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii

Recent progress in Large Language Model (LLM) technology has changed our role in interacting with these models. Instead of primarily testing these models with questions we already know answers to, we are now using them for queries where the…

Millions of people take surveys every day, from market polls and academic studies to medical questionnaires and customer feedback forms. These datasets capture valuable insights, but their scale and structure present a unique challenge for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Duc-Hai Nguyen , Vijayakumar Nanjappan , Barry O'Sullivan , Hoang D. Nguyen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various applications, but they still face various inconsistency issues. Existing works primarily focus on the inconsistency issues within a single LLM, while we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Yixin Cao , Ting Liu , Bing Qin
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