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The linear growth of the Key-Value (KV) cache is a critical bottleneck in long-form LLM inference. Existing KV compression methods mitigate this by evicting tokens based on importance scores. However, we show that their reliance on global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Junzhe Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of Artificial Intelligence. However, their deployment is resource-intensive, not only due to the large number of model parameters but also because the (Key-Value) KV cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yifeng Gu , Zicong Jiang , Jianxiu Jin , Kailing Guo , Ziyang Zhang , Xiangmin Xu

Large language models (LLMs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in the domain of natural language processing due to their impressive reasoning abilities. Recently, there has been considerable interest in increasing the context lengths…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Utkarsh Saxena , Gobinda Saha , Sakshi Choudhary , Kaushik Roy

Long-context inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is bottlenecked by the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache memory. Existing KV cache compression paradigms are fundamentally limited by heuristics: heuristic budgeting relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enshuai Zhou , Yifan Hao , Chao Wang , Rui Zhang , Di Huang , Jiaming Guo , Xing Hu , Zidong Du , Qi Guo , Yunji Chen

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a pivotal research area, yet the attention module remains a critical bottleneck in LLM inference, even with techniques like KVCache to mitigate redundant computations. While various top-$k$…

Large language models rely on kv-caches to avoid redundant computation during autoregressive decoding, but as context length grows, reading and writing the cache can quickly saturate GPU memory bandwidth. Recent work has explored KV-cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jian Chen , Zhuoran Wang , Jiayu Qin , Ming Li , Meng Wang , Changyou Chen , Yin Chen , Qizhen Weng , Yirui Liu

Recent large language models (LLMs) are rapidly extending their context windows, yet inference throughput lags due to increasing GPU memory and bandwidth demands. This is because the key-value (KV) cache, an intermediate structure storing…

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) enables each attention head to capture multi-frequency information along the sequence dimension and is widely applied in foundation models. However, the nonlinearity introduced by RoPE complicates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhao Zhou , Sirui Song , Boyang Liu , Zhiheng Xi , Senjie Jin , Xiaoran Fan , Zhihao Zhang , Wei Li , Xuanjing Huang

How to efficiently serve Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a pressing issue because of their huge computational cost in their autoregressive generation process. To mitigate computational costs, LLMs often employ the KV Cache technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zheng Wang , Boxiao Jin , Zhongzhi Yu , Minjia Zhang

Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant improvement in offline video understanding. However, extending these capabilities to streaming video inputs, remains challenging, as existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Haowei Zhang , Shudong Yang , Jinlan Fu , See-Kiong Ng , Xipeng Qiu

With the success of autoregressive learning in large language models, it has become a dominant approach for text-to-image generation, offering high efficiency and visual quality. However, invisible watermarking for visual autoregressive…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ziyi Wang , Songbai Tan , Gang Xu , Xuerui Qiu , Hongbin Xu , Xin Meng , Ming Li , Fei Richard Yu

The long-output context generation of large reasoning models enables extended chain of thought (CoT) but also drives rapid growth of the key-value (KV) cache, quickly overwhelming GPU memory. To address this challenge, we propose ThinKV, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Akshat Ramachandran , Marina Neseem , Charbel Sakr , Rangharajan Venkatesan , Brucek Khailany , Tushar Krishna

Large Language Models (LLMs) face a significant bottleneck during autoregressive inference due to the massive memory footprint of the Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing compression techniques like token eviction, quantization, or other low-rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Santhosh G S , Saurav Prakash , Balaraman Ravindran

Large language models (LLMs) inference relies heavily on KV-caches to accelerate autoregressive decoding, but the resulting memory footprint grows rapidly with sequence length, posing significant efficiency challenges. Current KV-cache…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Chenxia Tang , Jianchun Liu , Hongli Xu , Liusheng Huang

Recently, Visual Autoregressive ($\mathsf{VAR}$) Models introduced a groundbreaking advancement in the field of image generation, offering a scalable approach through a coarse-to-fine ``next-scale prediction'' paradigm. Suppose that $n$…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yekun Ke , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Zhizhou Sha , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Self-forcing video generation extends a short-horizon video model to longer rollouts by repeatedly feeding generated content back in as context. This scaling path immediately exposes a systems bottleneck: the key-value (KV) cache grows with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Suraj Ranganath , Vaishak Menon , Anish Patnaik

As the context length of current large language models (LLMs) rapidly increases, the memory demand for the Key-Value (KV) cache is becoming a bottleneck for LLM deployment and batch processing. Traditional KV cache compression methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Aomufei Yuan , Zhiming Wang , Ruijie Miao , Dayu Wang , Yuxuan Tian , Zihan Wang , Yebo Peng , Yuhan Wu , Bairen Yi , Xin Liu , Tong Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) use key-value (KV) cache to reduce redundant computation in autoregressive generation. However, the KV cache size increases linearly during generation, leading to excessive memory usage, especially for long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jian Yuan , Ziwei He , Haoli Bai , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

In the field of instruction-following large vision-language models (LVLMs), the efficient deployment of these models faces challenges, notably due to the high memory demands of their key-value (KV) caches. Conventional cache management…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Zuyan Liu , Benlin Liu , Jiahui Wang , Yuhao Dong , Guangyi Chen , Yongming Rao , Ranjay Krishna , Jiwen Lu