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Scaling model size significantly challenges the deployment and inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). Due to the redundancy in LLM weights, recent research has focused on pushing weight-only quantization to extremely low-bit (even down…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yifei Liu , Jicheng Wen , Yang Wang , Shengyu Ye , Li Lyna Zhang , Ting Cao , Cheng Li , Mao Yang

Large language models (LLMs) are crucial in modern natural language processing and artificial intelligence. However, they face challenges in managing their significant memory requirements. Although quantization-aware training (QAT) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengzhao Chen , Wenqi Shao , Peng Xu , Jiahao Wang , Peng Gao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

Diffusion-based large language models (DLLMs) have shown promise for non-autoregressive text generation, but their deployment is constrained by large model sizes and heavy computational costs. Post-training quantization (PTQ), a widely used…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Chen Xu , Dawei Yang

Post-training quantization (PTQ) techniques applied to weights, activations, and the KV cache greatly reduce memory usage, latency, and power consumption of Large Language Models (LLMs), but may lead to large quantization errors when…

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) to extremely low bit-widths remains challenging due to the fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency and representational capacity. While existing ultra-low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 He Xiao , Runming Yang , Qingyao Yang , Wendong Xu , Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Zhengwu Liu , Hongxia Yang , Ngai Wong

Quantization-aware training (QAT) simulates a quantization process during training to lower bit-precision of weights/activations. It learns quantized weights indirectly by updating latent weights,i.e., full-precision inputs to a quantizer,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Junghyup Lee , Jeimin Jeon , Dohyung Kim , Bumsub Ham

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is an effective method to drastically reduce the memory footprint of LLMs while keeping performance degradation at an acceptable level. However, the optimal choice of quantization format and bit-width…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sohir Maskey , Constantin Eichenberg , Johannes Messner , Douglas Orr

Operating deep neural networks on devices with limited resources requires the reduction of their memory footprints and computational requirements. In this paper we introduce a training method, called look-up table quantization, LUT-Q, which…

Recent advances in diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have introduced a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) LLMs for natural language generation tasks, leveraging full attention and denoising-based decoding strategies.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Haokun Lin , Haobo Xu , Yichen Wu , Ziyu Guo , Renrui Zhang , Zhichao Lu , Ying Wei , Qingfu Zhang , Zhenan Sun

Large language models can be quantized to reduce inference time latency, model size, and energy consumption, thereby delivering a better user experience at lower cost. A challenge exists to deliver quantized models with minimal loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

Network quantization has gained increasing attention with the rapid growth of large pre-trained language models~(PLMs). However, most existing quantization methods for PLMs follow quantization-aware training~(QAT) that requires end-to-end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Xin Jiang , Irwin King , Michael R. Lyu

In the era of large-scale language models, the substantial parameter size poses significant challenges for deployment. Being a prevalent compression technique, quantization has emerged as the mainstream practice to tackle this issue, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Qingyuan Li , Yifan Zhang , Liang Li , Peng Yao , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu , Yerui Sun , Li Du , Yuchen Xie

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) is frequently hindered by prohibitive memory and computational requirements. While quantization mitigates these bottlenecks, maintaining model fidelity in the sub-1-bit regime remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Banseok Lee , Dongkyu Kim , Youngcheon You , Youngmin Kim

Large language models(LLMs) exhibit excellent performance across a variety of tasks, but they come with significant computational and storage costs. Quantizing these models is an effective way to alleviate this issue. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Baisong Li , Xingwang Wang , Haixiao Xu

Weight-only quantization has become a standard approach for efficiently serving large language models (LLMs). However, existing methods fail to efficiently compress models to binary (1-bit) levels, as they either require large amounts of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Hyochan Chong , Dongkyu Kim , Changdong Kim , Minseop Choi

We introduce Delta-Aware Quantization (DAQ), a data-free post-training quantization framework that preserves the knowledge acquired during post-training. Standard quantization objectives minimize reconstruction error but are agnostic to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Xiaoming Yu , Shize Tang , Guanghua Yu , Linchuan Xie , Song Liu , Jianchen Zhu , Feng Li

Quantization is essential for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained hardware, but its implications for multilingual tasks remain underexplored. We conduct the first large-scale evaluation of post-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Benjamin Marie , Atsushi Fujita

A natural and intuitive idea in model quantization is to approximate each component's quantized output to match its original. Motivated by this idea, most layer-wise post-training quantization (PTQ) methods focus on weight approximation at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Li Lin , Xiaojun Wan

In Large Language Models (LLMs), the number of parameters has grown exponentially in the past few years, e.g., from 1.5 billion parameters in GPT-2 to 175 billion in GPT-3 to possibly more than trillion in higher versions. This raises a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mahmoud Elgenedy

Large language models (LLMs) have shown immense potential across various domains, but their high memory requirements and inference costs remain critical challenges for deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava