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Related papers: RouterKT: Mixture-of-Experts for Knowledge Tracing

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Knowledge tracing allows Intelligent Tutoring Systems to infer which topics or skills a student has mastered, thus adjusting curriculum accordingly. Deep Learning based models like Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Xinyi Ding , Eric C. Larson

Knowledge Tracing (KT) monitors students' knowledge states and simulates their responses to question sequences. Existing KT models typically follow a single-step training paradigm, which leads to discrepancies with the multi-step inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lingyue Fu , Ting Long , Jianghao Lin , Wei Xia , Xinyi Dai , Ruiming Tang , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS), such as Massive Open Online Courses, offer new opportunities for human learning. At the core of such systems, knowledge tracing (KT) predicts students' future performance by analyzing their historical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hengyu Liu , Yushuai Li , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Torben Bach Pedersen , Kristian Torp , Christian S. Jensen , Tianyi Li

In the rapidly advancing realm of educational technology, it becomes critical to accurately trace and understand student knowledge states. Conventional Knowledge Tracing (KT) models have mainly focused on binary responses (i.e., correct and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Soonwook Park , Donghoon Lee , Hogun Park

Modelling student knowledge is a key challenge when leveraging AI in education, with major implications for personalised learning. The Knowledge Tracing (KT) task aims to predict how students will respond to educational questions in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Max Norris , Kobi Gal , Sahan Bulathwela

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a critical technique for modeling student knowledge to support personalized learning. However, most KT systems focus on binary correctness prediction and cannot diagnose the underlying conceptual misunderstandings…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yu-Chen Kang , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial task in intelligent education, focusing on predicting students' performance on given questions to trace their evolving knowledge. The advancement of deep learning in this field has led to deep-learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Jiajun Cui , Hong Qian , Bo Jiang , Wei Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve transformer efficiency but lack a unified theoretical explanation, especially when both feed-forward and attention layers are allowed to specialize. To this end, we study the Mixture-of-Transformers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hongbo Li , Qinhang Wu , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

KnowledgeTracing (KT) involves predicting students' knowledge states based on their interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). A key challenge is the cold start problem, accurately predicting knowledge for new students with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Indronil Bhattacharjee , Christabel Wayllace

Multi-Domain Continual Learning (MDCL) acquires knowledge from sequential tasks with shifting class sets and distribution. Despite the Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods can adapt for this dual heterogeneity, they still suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Jialu Zhou , Dianxi Shi , Shaowu Yang , Xinyu Wei , Mingyue Yang , Leqian Li , Mengzhu Wang , Chunping Qiu

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to predict students' responses to practices based on their historical question-answering behaviors. However, most current KT methods focus on improving overall AUC, leaving ample room for optimization in modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Moyu Zhang , Xinning Zhu , Chunhong Zhang , Feng Pan , Wenchen Qian , Hui Zhao

Knowledge tracing (KT) in programming education presents unique challenges due to the complexity of coding tasks and the diverse methods students use to solve problems. Although students' questions often contain valuable signals about their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Doyoun Kim , Suin Kim , Yojan Jo

Knowledge tracing is a method used in education to assess and track the acquisition of knowledge by individual learners. It involves using a variety of techniques, such as quizzes, tests, and other forms of assessment, to determine what a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Yann Hicke

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to monitor students' evolving knowledge states through their learning interactions with concept-related questions, and can be indirectly evaluated by predicting how students will perform on future questions. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Chaoran Cui , Hebo Ma , Chen Zhang , Chunyun Zhang , Yumo Yao , Meng Chen , Yuling Ma

Knowledge tracing (KT) plays a crucial role in predicting students' future performance by analyzing their historical learning processes. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown great potential in solving the KT problem. However, there still…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Hengyuan Zhang , Zitao Liu , Chenming Shang , Dawei Li , Yong Jiang

Knowledge tracing (KT) is the problem of predicting students' future performance based on their historical interaction sequences. With the advanced capability of capturing contextual long-term dependency, attention mechanism becomes one of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Shuyan Huang , Zitao Liu , Xiangyu Zhao , Weiqi Luo , Jian Weng

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures are often considered a natural fit for continual learning because sparse routing should localize updates and reduce interference, yet MoE Transformers still forget substantially even with sparse,…

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model student's knowledge state and predict future performance to enable personalized learning in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. However, traditional KT methods face fundamental limitations in explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jungyang Park , Suho Kang , Jaewoo Park , Jaehong Kim , Jaewoo Shin , Seonjoon Park , Youngjae Yu

Knowledge tracing (KT) is a crucial technique to predict students' future performance by observing their historical learning processes. Due to the powerful representation ability of deep neural networks, remarkable progress has been made by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jiahao Chen , Zitao Liu , Shuyan Huang , Qiongqiong Liu , Weiqi Luo

Knowledge tracing (KT) aims to estimate a student's evolving knowledge state and predict their performance on new exercises based on performance history. Many realistic classroom settings for KT are typically low-resource in data and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyi Gao , Qiucheng Wu , Yang Zhang , Xuechen Liu , Kaizhi Qian , Ying Xu , Shiyu Chang