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Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but incurs significant inference costs due to lengthy retrieved contexts. While context compression mitigates this issue, existing methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Shuyu Guo , Shuo Zhang , Zhaochun Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) encounter significant challenges in long-sequence inference due to computational inefficiency and redundant processing, driving interest in context compression techniques. Existing methods often rely on token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Huanxuan Liao , Wen Hu , Yao Xu , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled their successful application to a broad range of tasks. However, in information-intensive tasks, the prompt length can grow fast, leading to increased computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Weronika Łajewska , Momchil Hardalov , Laura Aina , Neha Anna John , Hang Su , Lluís Màrquez

In-context learning has established itself as an important learning paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we demonstrate that LLMs can learn encoding keys in-context and perform analysis directly on encoded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Andresa Rodrigues de Campos , David Lee , Imry Kissos , Piyush Paritosh

As model context lengths continue to increase, the number of demonstrations that can be provided in-context approaches the size of entire training datasets. We study the behavior of in-context learning (ICL) at this extreme scale on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Amanda Bertsch , Maor Ivgi , Emily Xiao , Uri Alon , Jonathan Berant , Matthew R. Gormley , Graham Neubig

Large language models (LLMs) achieved remarkable performance across various tasks. However, they face challenges in managing long documents and extended conversations, due to significantly increased computational requirements, both in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yucheng Li , Bo Dong , Chenghua Lin , Frank Guerin

By simply incorporating demonstrations into the context, in-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to yield awesome performance on many tasks. In this study, we focus on passage-level long-context ICL for generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Hao Sun , Chenming Tang , Gengyang Li , Yunfang Wu

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on long-context modeling for tasks such as document understanding, code analysis, and multi-step reasoning. However, scaling context windows to the million-token level brings prohibitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jiale Cheng , Yusen Liu , Xinyu Zhang , Yulin Fei , Wenyi Hong , Ruiliang Lyu , Weihan Wang , Zhe Su , Xiaotao Gu , Xiao Liu , Yushi Bai , Jie Tang , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

The quadratic complexity of the attention module makes it gradually become the bulk of compute in Transformer-based LLMs during generation. Moreover, the excessive key-value cache that arises when dealing with long inputs also brings severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Siyu Ren , Qi Jia , Kenny Q. Zhu

Providing extensive context via prompting is vital for leveraging the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, lengthy contexts significantly increase inference latency, as the computational cost of self-attention grows…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Guojie Liu , Yiqi Wang , Yanfeng Yang , Wenqi Fan , Songlei Jian , Jianfeng Zhang , Jie Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in language tasks but are prone to hallucinations and outdated knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates these by grounding LLMs in external knowledge. However, in complex domains involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Peiran Zhou , Junnan Zhu , Yichen Shen , Ruoxi Yu

Reasoning distillation has emerged as an effective approach to enhance the reasoning capabilities of smaller language models. However, the impact of large-scale reasoning distillation on other critical abilities, particularly in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yifei Wang

Long context inference presents challenges at the system level with increased compute and memory requirements, as well as from an accuracy perspective in being able to reason over long contexts. Recently, several methods have been proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Siddharth Jha , Lutfi Eren Erdogan , Sehoon Kim , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) helps LLMs stay accurate, but feeding long documents into a prompt makes the model slow and expensive. This has motivated context compression, ranging from token pruning and summarization to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Jianbo Li , Yi Jiang , Sendong Zhao , Bairui Hu , Haochun Wang , Bing Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered widespread attention due to their remarkable performance across various tasks. However, to mitigate the issue of hallucinations, LLMs often incorporate retrieval-augmented pipeline to provide them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Haowen Hou , Fei Ma , Binwen Bai , Xinxin Zhu , Fei Yu

Large language models (LLMs) require lengthy prompts as the input context to produce output aligned with user intentions, a process that incurs extra costs during inference. In this paper, we propose the Gist COnditioned deCOding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xinze Li , Zhenghao Liu , Chenyan Xiong , Shi Yu , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Ge Yu

This study evaluates the effectiveness of zero-shot compression techniques on large language models (LLMs) under long-context. We identify the tendency for computational errors to increase under long-context when employing certain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Chenyu Wang , Yihan Wang , Kai Li

AI applications increasingly depend on long-context inference, where LLMs consume substantial context to support stronger reasoning. Common examples include retrieval-augmented generation, agent memory layers, and multi-agent orchestration.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yinsicheng Jiang , Yeqi Huang , Liang Cheng , Cheng Deng , Xuan Sun , Luo Mai

In-context learning (ICL) approaches typically leverage prompting to condition decoder-only language model generation on reference information. Just-in-time processing of a context is inefficient due to the quadratic cost of self-attention…

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in handling long-context tasks because of their limited effective context window size during pretraining, which restricts their ability to generalize over extended sequences.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Zhiyuan Hu , Yuliang Liu , Jinman Zhao , Suyuchen Wang , Yan Wang , Wei Shen , Qing Gu , Anh Tuan Luu , See-Kiong Ng , Zhiwei Jiang , Bryan Hooi