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The wide adoption of AI agents in complex human workflows is driving rapid growth in LLM token consumption. When agents are deployed on tasks that require a significant amount of tokens, three questions naturally arise: (1) Where do AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Longju Bai , Zhemin Huang , Xingyao Wang , Jiao Sun , Rada Mihalcea , Erik Brynjolfsson , Alex Pentland , Jiaxin Pei

The ongoing artificial intelligence (AI) revolution has the potential to change almost every line of work. As AI capabilities continue to improve in accuracy, robustness, and reach, AI may outperform and even replace human experts across…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jian Gao , Dashun Wang

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) marks a pivotal moment in human history. It presents the opportunity for machines to learn, adapt, and perform tasks that have the potential to assist people, from everyday activities to their…

General Economics · Economics 2024-02-02 Guy Ben-Ishai , Jeff Dean , James Manyika , Ruth Porat , Hal Varian , Kent Walker

This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) influences various online labor markets (OLMs) over time. Employing the Difference-in-Differences method, we discovered two distinct scenarios following ChatGPT's launch: displacement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Dandan Qiao , Huaxia Rui , Qian Xiong

An occupation is comprised of interconnected tasks, and it is these tasks, not occupations themselves, that are affected by AI. To evaluate how tasks may be impacted, previous approaches utilized manual annotations or coarse-grained…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Ali Akbar Septiandri , Marios Constantinides , Daniele Quercia

Common narratives about automation often pit new technologies against workers. The introduction of advanced machine tools, industrial robots, and AI have all been met with concern that technological progress will mean fewer jobs. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Ben Armstrong , Valerie K. Chen , Alex Cuellar , Alexandra Forsey-Smerek , Julie A. Shah

Little by little, newspapers are revealing the bright future that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is building. Intelligent machines will help everywhere. However, this bright future has a dark side: a dramatic job market contraction before its…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Fabio Massimo Zanzotto

The rapid rise of AI is poised to disrupt the labor market. However, AI is not a monolith; its impact depends on both the nature of the innovation and the jobs it affects. While computational approaches are emerging, there is no consensus…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Munjung Kim , Marios Constantinides , Sanja Šćepanović , Yong-Yeol Ahn , Daniele Quercia

Artificial intelligence (AI) can revolutionize the development industry, primarily electrical and electronics engineering. By automating recurring duties, AI can grow productivity and efficiency in creating. For instance, AI can research…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-06 Nwosu Obinnaya Chikezie Victor

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress in recent years, yet its rapid expansion brings overlooked environmental and ethical challenges. This review explores four critical areas where AI's impact extends beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jenis Winsta

Discussion about the replacement of intellectual human labour by ``thinking machines'' has been present in the public and expert discourse since the creation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an idea and terminology since the middle of the…

General Literature · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Stanislav Selitskiy , Chihiro Inoue

Artificial intelligence is reshaping labor markets, yet we lack tools to systematically forecast its effects on employment. This paper introduces a benchmark for evaluating how well large language models (LLMs) can anticipate changes in job…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sheri Osborn , Rohit Valecha , H. Raghav Rao , Dan Sass , Anthony Rios

It is said that Data and Information are the new oil. One, who handles the data, handles the emerging future of the global economy. Complex algorithms and intelligence-based filter programs are utilized to manage, store, handle and maneuver…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Kwadwo Osei Bonsu , Jie Song

Work is fundamental to societal prosperity and mental health, providing financial security, identity, purpose, and social integration. The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has catalysed debate on job displacement. Some…

Demand for expert-annotated data on the part of leading AI labs has created an expert gig economy with the potential to reshape white collar work and society's understanding of expertise. In this research, we study the vision for the future…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Robert Wolfe , Aayushi Dangol

Current efforts in AI safety prioritize filtering harmful content, preventing manipulation of human behavior, and eliminating existential risks in cybersecurity or biosecurity. While pressing, this narrow focus overlooks critical…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Sanchaita Hazra , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Tuhin Chakrabarty

Artificial Intelligence may revolutionize everything during the so-called fourth industrial revolution, which carries several emerging technologies and could progress without precedents in human history due to its speed and scope.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Gissel Velarde

In this paper, we examine the wide-ranging impact of artificial intelligence on society, focusing on its potential to both help and harm global equity, cognitive abilities, and economic stability. We argue that while artificial intelligence…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-03-25 Guy Paić , Leonid Serkin

Traditionally, AI has been modeled within economics as a technology that impacts payoffs by reducing costs or refining information for human agents. Our position is that, in light of recent advances in generative AI, it is increasingly…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2024-06-04 Nicole Immorlica , Brendan Lucier , Aleksandrs Slivkins

Labor plays a major, albeit largely unrecognized role in the development of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms are predicated on data-intensive processes that rely on humans to execute repetitive and difficult-to-automate,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Antonio A. Casilli , Paola Tubaro , Maxime Cornet , Clément Le Ludec , Juana Torres-Cierpe , Matheus Viana Braz