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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on complex reasoning tasks, yet little is known about their ability to internally evaluate problem difficulty, which is an essential capability for adaptive reasoning and efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sunbowen Lee , Qingyu Yin , Chak Tou Leong , Jialiang Zhang , Yicheng Gong , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Xiaoyu Shen

Traditional recommender systems leverage users' item preference history to recommend novel content that users may like. However, modern dialog interfaces that allow users to express language-based preferences offer a fundamentally different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Scott Sanner , Krisztian Balog , Filip Radlinski , Ben Wedin , Lucas Dixon

Accurate query-product relevance labeling is indispensable to generate ground truth dataset for search ranking in e-commerce. Traditional approaches for annotating query-product pairs rely on human-based labeling services, which is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jayant Sachdev , Sean D Rosario , Abhijeet Phatak , He Wen , Swati Kirti , Chittaranjan Tripathy

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been used as backbones for recommender systems. However, their performance often lags behind conventional methods in standard tasks like retrieval. We attribute this to a mismatch between LLMs'…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuwei Cao , Nikhil Mehta , Xinyang Yi , Raghunandan Keshavan , Lukasz Heldt , Lichan Hong , Ed H. Chi , Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy

Tabular data high-stakes critical decision-making in domains such as finance, healthcare, and scientific discovery. Yet, learning effectively from tabular data in few-shot settings, where labeled examples are scarce, remains a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Zhihan Yang , Jiaqi Wei , Xiang Zhang , Haoyu Dong , Yiwen Wang , Xiaoke Guo , Pengkun Zhang , Yiwei Xu , Chenyu You

Word-level psycholinguistic norms lend empirical support to theories of language processing. However, obtaining such human-based measures is not always feasible or straightforward. One promising approach is to augment human norming datasets…

Benchmarks establish a standardized evaluation framework to systematically assess the performance of large language models (LLMs), facilitating objective comparisons and driving advancements in the field. However, existing benchmarks fail…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Ziqian Zhang , Xingjian Hu , Yue Huang , Kai Zhang , Ruoxi Chen , Yixin Liu , Qingsong Wen , Kaidi Xu , Xiangliang Zhang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong , Lichao Sun

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Large-language Models (LLMs) have been extremely successful at tasks like complex dialogue understanding, reasoning and coding due to their emergent abilities. These emergent abilities have been extended with multi-modality to include…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Li Yang , Anushya Subbiah , Hardik Patel , Judith Yue Li , Yanwei Song , Reza Mirghaderi , Vikram Aggarwal , Qifan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated unprecedented language understanding and reasoning capabilities to capture diverse user preferences and advance personalized recommendations. Despite the growing interest in LLM-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Zihuai Zhao , Wenqi Fan , Yao Wu , Qing Li

The difficulty of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) is a crucial factor for educational assessments. Predicting MCQ difficulty is challenging since it requires understanding both the complexity of reaching the correct option and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Wanyong Feng , Peter Tran , Stephen Sireci , Andrew Lan

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) on comprehensive benchmarks is a cornerstone of their development, yet it's often computationally and financially prohibitive. While Item Response Theory (IRT) offers a promising path toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lele Liao , Qile Zhang , Ruofan Wu , Guanhua Fang

Missing data imputation is a critical challenge in various domains, such as healthcare and finance, where data completeness is vital for accurate analysis. Large language models (LLMs), trained on vast corpora, have shown strong potential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Xinrui He , Yikun Ban , Jiaru Zou , Tianxin Wei , Curtiss B. Cook , Jingrui He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become extremely potent instruments with exceptional capacities for comprehending and producing human-like text in a wide range of applications. However, the increasing size and complexity of LLMs present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yingbing Huang , Lily Jiaxin Wan , Hanchen Ye , Manvi Jha , Jinghua Wang , Yuhong Li , Xiaofan Zhang , Deming Chen

Psychological assessments commonly rely on rating-scale items, which require respondents to condense complex experiences into predefined categories. Although rich, unstructured text is often captured alongside these scales, it rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Joe Watson , Ivan O'Connor , Chia-Wen Chen , Luning Sun , Fang Luo , David Stillwell

With the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), numerous benchmarks have been proposed to measure and compare the capabilities of different LLMs. However, evaluating LLMs is costly due to the large number of test instances and their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Xu-Xiang Zhong , Chao Yi , Han-Jia Ye

High relevance of retrieved and re-ranked items to the search query is the cornerstone of successful product search, yet measuring relevance of items to queries is one of the most challenging tasks in product information retrieval, and…

Tabular machine learning problems often require time-consuming and labor-intensive feature engineering. Recent efforts have focused on using large language models (LLMs) to capitalize on their potential domain knowledge. At the same time,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Jaris Küken , Lennart Purucker , Frank Hutter

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLM) has also resulted in an equivalent proliferation in its applications. Software design, being one, has gained tremendous benefits in using LLMs as an interface component that extends fixed user…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Claudionor N. Coelho , Hanchen Xiong , Tushar Karayil , Sree Koratala , Rex Shang , Jacob Bollinger , Mohamed Shabar , Syam Nair

This study investigates the use of large language models (LLMs) for story point estimation. Story points are unitless, project-specific effort estimates that help developers on the scrum team forecast which product backlog items they plan…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Pranam Prakash Shetty , Adarsh Balakrishnan , Mengqiao Xu , Xiaoyin Xi , Zhe Yu