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Variational quantum algorithms are believed to be promising for solving computationally hard problems and are often comprised of repeated layers of quantum gates. An example thereof is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA),…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a method of approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems. While QAOA is developed to solve a broad class of combinatorial optimization problems, it is not clear which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-13 James Ostrowski , Rebekah Herrman , Travis S. Humble , George Siopsis

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a promising method for solving certain classical combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices. When employing the QAOA to 3-SAT and Max-3-SAT problems, the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-07 Yunlong Yu , Chenfeng Cao , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

Combinatorial optimization lies at the heart of numerous real-world applications. For a broad category of optimization problems, quantum computing is expected to exhibit quantum speed-up over classic computing. Among various quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Zixu Wang , Jack Mandell , Yangyang Xu , Jian Shi

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) adopts a hybrid quantum-classical approach to find approximate solutions to variational optimization problems. In fact, it relies on a classical subroutine to optimize the parameters of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Simone Tibaldi , Davide Vodola , Edoardo Tignone , Elisa Ercolessi

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising Noisy Intermediate Quantum Algorithms (NISQ) in solving combinatorial optimizations and displays potential over classical heuristic techniques.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Arul Rhik Mazumder , Anuvab Sen , Udayon Sen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a standard method for combinatorial optimization with a gate-based quantum computer. The QAOA consists of a particular ansatz for the quantum circuit architecture, together with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Marc Coram , Patrick Riley , Stefan Leichenauer

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) generates an approximate solution to combinatorial optimization problems using a variational ansatz circuit defined by parameterized layers of quantum evolution. In theory, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Rebekah Herrman , Phillip C. Lotshaw , James Ostrowski , Travis S. Humble , George Siopsis

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a general-purpose algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems whose performance can only improve with the number of layers $p$. While QAOA holds promise as an algorithm that can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-08 Edward Farhi , Jeffrey Goldstone , Sam Gutmann , Leo Zhou

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is an approach for near-term quantum computers to potentially demonstrate computational advantage in solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, the viability of the QAOA…

The ability of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to deliver a quantum advantage on combinatorial optimization problems is still unclear. Recently, a scaling advantage over a classical solver was postulated to exist for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Thorge Müller , Ajainderpal Singh , Frank K. Wilhelm , Tim Bode

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising variational quantum algorithm for addressing NP hard combinatorial optimization problems. However, a significant limitation lies in optimizing its classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-22 Peter Gleißner , Georg Kruse , Andreas Roßkopf

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising quantum algorithms for the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. Quantifying the performance of QAOA in the near-term regime is of utmost importance. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-16 Ruslan Shaydulin , Yuri Alexeev

We show through numerical simulation that the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for higher-order, random-coefficient, heavy-hex compatible spin glass Ising models has strong parameter concentration across problem sizes from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-13 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Lukasz Cincio , John Golden , Stephan Eidenbenz

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) promises to solve classically intractable computational problems in the area of combinatorial optimization. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the originally proposed form of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-04 Michelle Chalupnik , Hans Melo , Yuri Alexeev , Alexey Galda

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a variational quantum algorithm that can be used to approximately solve combinatorial optimization problems. However, a major limitation of QAOA is that it is a "local" algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Quinn Langfitt , Reuben Tate , Stephan Eidenbenz

Despite much recent work, the true promise and limitations of the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) are unclear. A critical question regarding QAOA is to what extent its performance scales with the input size of the problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz , Daniel O'Malley

Constrained combinatorial optimization remains challenging for quantum algorithms because feasibility must be explicitly enforced, typically through penalty terms or problem-specific mixers. We introduce Partitioned-Constraint QAOA…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Anthony Wilkie , Alexander DeLise , Andrew Del Real , Rebekah Herrman , James Ostrowski

The capability of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) in solving the combinatorial optimization problems has been intensively studied in recent years due to its application in the quantum-classical hybrid regime. Despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Xinwei Lee , Xinjian Yan , Ningyi Xie , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising quantum heuristic with empirical evidence of speedup over classical state-of-the-art for some problems. QAOA uses a parameterized circuit with $p$ layers, where higher $p$…