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Model compression is increasingly essential for deploying large language models (LLMs), yet existing comparative studies largely focus on pruning and quantization evaluated primarily on knowledge-centric benchmarks. Thus, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jonathan von Rad , Yong Cao , Andreas Geiger

Key-value (KV) cache memory management is the primary bottleneck limiting throughput and cost-efficiency in large-scale GPU inference serving. Current systems suffer from three compounding inefficiencies: (1) the absence of unified KV cache…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sanjeev Rao Ganjihal

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly require processing long text sequences, but GPU memory limitations force difficult trade-offs between memory capacity and bandwidth. While HBM-based acceleration offers high bandwidth, its capacity…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Qingyuan Liu , Liyan Chen , Yanning Yang , Haocheng Wang , Dong Du , Zhigang Mao , Naifeng Jing , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance in long context generation. Extending the context length has disproportionately shifted the memory footprint of LLMs during inference to the key-value cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Cheng Luo , Zefan Cai , Hanshi Sun , Jinqi Xiao , Bo Yuan , Wen Xiao , Junjie Hu , Jiawei Zhao , Beidi Chen , Anima Anandkumar

KV cache quantization can improve Large Language Models (LLMs) inference throughput and latency in long contexts and large batch-size scenarios while preserving LLMs effectiveness. However, current methods have three unsolved issues:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xing Li , Zeyu Xing , Yiming Li , Linping Qu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Wulong Liu , Yiwu Yao , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan

With the development of large language models (LLMs), efficient inference through Key-Value (KV) cache compression has attracted considerable attention, especially for long-context generation. To compress the KV cache, recent methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Qingyue Yang , Jie Wang , Xing Li , Zhihai Wang , Chen Chen , Lei Chen , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Jianye Hao , Mingxuan Yuan , Bin Li

Large language models (LLMs) based on Transformer Decoders have become the preferred choice for conversational generative AI. Despite the overall superiority of the Decoder architecture, the gradually increasing Key-Value (KV) cache during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Guoming Liu , Baoyuan Qi , Hai Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) rely on key-value (KV) caches for efficient autoregressive decoding; however, cache size grows linearly with context length and model depth, becoming a major bottleneck in long-context inference. Prior KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Dmitry Akulov , Mohamed Sana , Antonio De Domenico , Tareq Si Salem , Nicola Piovesan , Fadhel Ayed

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across various natural language processing tasks. Serving LLM inference for generating long contents, however, poses a challenge due to the enormous memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Wonbeom Lee , Jungi Lee , Junghwan Seo , Jaewoong Sim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful but incur high memory and computation costs. Quantization is an effective solution, with INT weights and FP activations being widely adopted to preserve accuracy. Prior works further reduce FP…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xinyu Wang , Jieyu Li , Yanan Sun , Weifeng He

A critical approach for efficiently deploying computationally demanding large language models (LLMs) is Key-Value (KV) caching. The KV cache stores key-value states of previously generated tokens, significantly reducing the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akide Liu , Jing Liu , Zizheng Pan , Yefei He , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang

The Multi-Head Attention mechanism is central to LLM operation, and multiple works target its compute and memory efficiency during training. While most works focus on approximating the scaled dot product, the memory consumption of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Malik Khalaf , Yara Shamshoum , Nitzan Hodos , Yuval Sieradzki , Assaf Schuster

In this paper, we propose PIM-LLM, a hybrid architecture developed to accelerate 1-bit large language models (LLMs). PIM-LLM leverages analog processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures and digital systolic arrays to accelerate low-precision…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jinendra Malekar , Peyton Chandarana , Md Hasibul Amin , Mohammed E. Elbtity , Ramtin Zand

The high memory demands of the Key-Value (KV) Cache during the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) severely restrict their deployment in resource-constrained platforms. Quantization can effectively alleviate the memory pressure caused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fei Li , Song Liu , Weiguo Wu , Shiqiang Nie , Jinyu Wang

We demonstrate that geometrically distinctive keys during LLM inference tend to have high attention scores. Based on the phenomenon we propose KeyDiff, a training-free KV cache eviction method based solely on key similarity. Unlike other KV…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Junyoung Park , Dalton Jones , Matthew J Morse , Raghavv Goel , Mingu Lee , Chris Lott

Large language models (LLMs) enable long-context tasks but face efficiency challenges due to the growing key-value (KV) cache. We propose LeanK, a learning-based method that prunes unimportant key (K) cache channels by leveraging static…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yike Zhang , Zhiyuan He , Huiqiang Jiang , Chengruidong Zhang , Yuqing Yang , Jianyong Wang , Lili Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel across a variety of language tasks yet are constrained by limited input lengths and high computational costs. Existing approaches\textemdash such as relative positional encodings (e.g., RoPE, ALiBi) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Kun-Hui Lee , Eunhwan Park , Donghoon Han , Seung-Hoon Na

Recently, significant progress has been made in developing reasoning-capable Large Language Models (LLMs) through long Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, this long-CoT reasoning process imposes substantial memory overhead due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Tengxuan Liu , Shiyao Li , Jiayi Yang , Tianchen Zhao , Feng Zhou , Xiaohui Song , Guohao Dai , Shengen Yan , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have advanced unified reasoning over text, images, and videos, but their inference is hindered by the rapid growth of key-value (KV) caches. Each visual input expands into thousands of tokens,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Bowen Zeng , Feiyang Ren , Jun Zhang , Xiaoling Gu , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou , Huan Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) with hundreds of billions of parameters have transformed the field of machine learning. However, serving these models at inference time is both compute and memory intensive, where a single request can require…

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