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Modern search engines are built on a stack of different components, including query understanding, retrieval, multi-stage ranking, and question answering, among others. These components are often optimized and deployed independently. In…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xiaolong Huang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Furu Wei

Search engines are crucial as they provide an efficient and easy way to access vast amounts of information on the internet for diverse information needs. User queries, even with a specific need, can differ significantly. Prior research has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Xiaopeng Li , Lixin Su , Pengyue Jia , Xiangyu Zhao , Suqi Cheng , Junfeng Wang , Dawei Yin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior listwise ranking performance. However, their superior performance often relies on large-scale parameters (\eg, GPT-4) and a repetitive sliding window process, which introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Lixin Su , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Large language models (LLMs) have quickly emerged as practical and versatile tools that provide new solutions for a wide range of domains. In this paper, we consider the application of LLMs on symmetric tasks where a query is asked on an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Mohsen Dehghankar , Abolfazl Asudeh

Large Language Models (LLMs) play powerful, black-box readers in the retrieve-then-read pipeline, making remarkable progress in knowledge-intensive tasks. This work introduces a new framework, Rewrite-Retrieve-Read instead of the previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Xinbei Ma , Yeyun Gong , Pengcheng He , Hai Zhao , Nan Duan

Recommender systems have traditionally followed modular architectures comprising candidate generation, multi-stage ranking, and re-ranking, each trained separately with supervised objectives and hand-engineered features. While effective in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Rahul Raja , Anshaj Vats , Arpita Vats , Anirban Majumder

Recent studies have proposed leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) as information retrievers through query rewriting. However, for challenging corpora, we argue that enhancing queries alone is insufficient for robust semantic matching;…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jingming Liu , Yumeng Li , Wei Shi , Yao-Xiang Ding , Hui Su , Kun Zhou

Conventional research on large language models (LLMs) has primarily focused on refining output distributions, while paying less attention to the decoding process that transforms these distributions into final responses. Recent advances,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Chenheng Zhang , Tianqi Du , Jizhe Zhang , Mingqing Xiao , Yifei Wang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Supervised ranking methods based on bi-encoder or cross-encoder architectures have shown success in multi-stage text ranking tasks, but they require large amounts of relevance judgments as training data. In this work, we propose Listwise…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Xueguang Ma , Xinyu Zhang , Ronak Pradeep , Jimmy Lin

Alongside the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), there has been a notable increase in efforts to integrate LLM techniques in information retrieval (IR) and search engines (SE). Recently, an additional post-ranking stage is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yang Yan , Yihao Wang , Chi Zhang , Wenyuan Hou , Kang Pan , Xingkai Ren , Zelun Wu , Zhixin Zhai , Enyun Yu , Wenwu Ou , Yang Song

Reranking is a critical stage in contemporary information retrieval (IR) systems, improving the relevance of the user-presented final results by honing initial candidate sets. This paper is a thorough guide to examine the changing reranker…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Tejul Pandit , Sakshi Mahendru , Meet Raval , Dhvani Upadhyay

Researchers have successfully applied large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT to reranking in an information retrieval context, but to date, such work has mostly been built on proprietary models hidden behind opaque API endpoints. This…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Ronak Pradeep , Sahel Sharifymoghaddam , Jimmy Lin

In an Information Retrieval (IR) system, reranking plays a critical role by sorting candidate passages according to their relevance to a specific query. This process demands a nuanced understanding of the variations among passages linked to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Can Jin , Hongwu Peng , Anxiang Zhang , Nuo Chen , Jiahui Zhao , Xi Xie , Kuangzheng Li , Shuya Feng , Kai Zhong , Caiwen Ding , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Effective document reranking is essential for improving search relevance across diverse applications. While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at reranking due to their deep semantic understanding and reasoning, their high computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Dimitar Peshevski , Kiril Blazhevski , Martin Popovski , Gjorgji Madjarov

In search settings, calibrating the scores during the ranking process to quantities such as click-through rates or relevance levels enhances a system's usefulness and trustworthiness for downstream users. While previous research has…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Puxuan Yu , Daniel Cohen , Hemank Lamba , Joel Tetreault , Alex Jaimes

In the field of information retrieval, Query Likelihood Models (QLMs) rank documents based on the probability of generating the query given the content of a document. Recently, advanced large language models (LLMs) have emerged as effective…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Shengyao Zhuang , Bing Liu , Bevan Koopman , Guido Zuccon

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly impacted many facets of natural language processing and information retrieval. Unlike previous encoder-based approaches, the enlarged context window of these generative models allows for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Andrew Parry , Sean MacAvaney , Debasis Ganguly

The text retrieval is the task of retrieving similar documents to a search query, and it is important to improve retrieval accuracy while maintaining a certain level of retrieval speed. Existing studies have reported accuracy improvements…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yuichi Sasazawa , Kenichi Yokote , Osamu Imaichi , Yasuhiro Sogawa

Code review is a crucial practice in software development. As code review nowadays is lightweight, various issues can be identified, and sometimes, they can be trivial. Research has investigated automated approaches to classify review…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Linh Nguyen , Chunhua Liu , Hong Yi Lin , Patanamon Thongtanunam

In retrieval-augmented systems, context ranking techniques are commonly employed to reorder the retrieved contexts based on their relevance to a user query. A standard approach is to measure this relevance through the similarity between…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Weichao Zhou , Jiaxin Zhang , Hilaf Hasson , Anu Singh , Wenchao Li