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In-context learning (ICL) approaches typically leverage prompting to condition decoder-only language model generation on reference information. Just-in-time processing of a context is inefficient due to the quadratic cost of self-attention…

We study the phenomenon of \textit{in-context learning} (ICL) exhibited by large language models, where they can adapt to a new learning task, given a handful of labeled examples, without any explicit parameter optimization. Our goal is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Jacob Abernethy , Alekh Agarwal , Teodor V. Marinov , Manfred K. Warmuth

Large Language Models (LLM) hold immense promise for real-world applications, but their generic knowledge often falls short of domain-specific needs. Fine-tuning, a common approach, can suffer from catastrophic forgetting and hinder…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Emile Contal , Garrin McGoldrick

In-Context Learning (ICL) empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle diverse tasks by incorporating multiple input-output examples, known as demonstrations, into the input of LLMs. More recently, advancements in the expanded context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Pre-trained large language models have demonstrated a strong ability to learn from context, known as in-context learning (ICL). Despite a surge of recent applications that leverage such capabilities, it is by no means clear, at least…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Bingqing Song , Jiaxiang Li , Rong Wang , Songtao Lu , Mingyi Hong

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited striking in-context learning (ICL) ability to adapt to target tasks with a few input-output demonstrations. For better ICL, different methods are proposed to select representative demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Wei-Lin Chen , Cheng-Kuang Wu , Yun-Nung Chen , Hsin-Hsi Chen

In-context learning (ICL) is the ability of a large language model (LLM) to learn a new task from a few demonstrations presented as part of the context. Past studies have attributed a large portion of the success of ICL to the way these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ioana Marinescu , Kyunghyun Cho , Eric Karl Oermann

The predictions of Large Language Models (LLMs) on downstream tasks often improve significantly when including examples of the input--label relationship in the context. However, there is currently no consensus about how this in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Jannik Kossen , Yarin Gal , Tom Rainforth

Clinical decision support systems require models that are not only highly accurate but also equitable and sensitive to the implications of missed diagnoses. In this study, we introduce a knowledge-guided in-context learning (ICL) framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Fatemeh Nazary , Yashar Deldjoo , Tommaso Di Noia , Eugenio di Sciascio

Large Language models (LLMs) have achieved encouraging results in tabular data generation. However, existing approaches require fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive. This paper explores an alternative: prompting a fixed LLM with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Liancheng Fang , Aiwei Liu , Hengrui Zhang , Henry Peng Zou , Weizhi Zhang , Philip S. Yu

Frequently updating Large Language Model (LLM)-based recommender systems to adapt to new user interests -- as done for traditional ones -- is impractical due to high training costs, even with acceleration methods. This work explores…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Keqin Bao , Ming Yan , Yang Zhang , Jizhi Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Xiangnan He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great performance in few-shot In-Context Learning (ICL) for a variety of generative and discriminative chemical design tasks. The newly expanded context windows of LLMs can further improve ICL…

Recent studies proposed to leverage large language models (LLMs) with In-Context Learning (ICL) to handle code intelligence tasks without fine-tuning. ICL employs task instructions and a set of examples as demonstrations to guide the model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jiawei Lu , Haoye Wang , Zhongxin Liu , Keyu Liang , Lingfeng Bao , Xiaohu Yang

Despite the advancements in in-context learning (ICL) for large language models (LLMs), current research centers on specific prompt engineering, such as demonstration selection, with the expectation that a single iteration of demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Jiaxi Yang , Binyuan Hui , Min Yang , Bailin Wang , Bowen Li , Binhua Li , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become ubiquitous in NLP and deep learning. In-Context Learning (ICL) has been suggested as a bridging paradigm between the training-free and fine-tuning LLMs settings. In ICL, an LLM is conditioned to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Jérémie Cabessa , Hugo Hernault , Umer Mushtaq

Preference-based reinforcement learning is an effective way to handle tasks where rewards are hard to specify but can be exceedingly inefficient as preference learning is often tabula rasa. We demonstrate that Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Chao Yu , Qixin Tan , Hong Lu , Jiaxuan Gao , Xinting Yang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu , Eugene Vinitsky

In-Context Learning (ICL) empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) with the ability to learn from a few examples provided in the prompt, enabling downstream generalization without the requirement for gradient updates. Despite encouragingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Haitao Mao , Guangliang Liu , Yao Ma , Rongrong Wang , Kristen Johnson , Jiliang Tang

In-context learning (ICL) enables models to adapt to new tasks via inference-time demonstrations. Despite its success in large language models, the extension of ICL to multimodal settings remains poorly understood in terms of its internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yu Wang , Sharon Li

By allowing models to predict without task-specific training, in-context learning (ICL) with pretrained LLMs has enormous potential in NLP. However, a number of problems persist in ICL. In particular, its performance is sensitive to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zhichao Xu , Daniel Cohen , Bei Wang , Vivek Srikumar

In the era of large language models (LLMs), in-context learning (ICL) stands out as an effective prompting strategy that explores LLMs' potency across various tasks. However, applying LLMs to grammatical error correction (GEC) is still a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Chenming Tang , Fanyi Qu , Yunfang Wu