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Modern out-of-order processors face speculative execution attacks. Despite various proposed software and hardware mitigations to prevent such attacks, new attacks keep arising from unknown vulnerabilities. Thus, a formal and rigorous…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Qinhan Tan , Yuheng Yang , Thomas Bourgeat , Sharad Malik , Mengjia Yan

With the growing use of Transformer models hosted on cloud platforms to offer inference services, privacy concerns are escalating, especially concerning sensitive data like investment plans and bank account details. Secure Multi-Party…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jinglong Luo , Yehong Zhang , Zhuo Zhang , Jiaqi Zhang , Xin Mu , Hui Wang , Yue Yu , Zenglin Xu

Memristor-based Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with temporal spike encoding enable ultra-low-energy computation, making them ideal for battery-powered intelligent devices. This paper presents a circuit-level memristive spiking neural…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Santlal Prajapati , Susmita Sur-Kolay , Soumyadeep Dutta

Spectre intrusions exploit speculative execution design vulnerabilities in modern processors. The attacks violate the principles of isolation in programs to gain unauthorized private user information. Current state-of-the-art detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Chidera Biringa , Gaspard Baye , Gökhan Kul

Rigorous quantitative evaluation of microarchitectural side channels is challenging for two reasons. First, the processors, attacks, and defenses often exhibit probabilistic behaviors. These probabilistic behaviors arise due to natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Weihang Li , Pete Crowley , Arya Tschand , Yu Wang , Miroslav Pajic , Daniel Sorin

Modern computing systems are limited in performance by the memory bandwidth available to processors, a problem known as the memory wall. Processing-in-Memory (PIM) promises to substantially improve this problem by moving processing closer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Sahar Ghoflsaz Ghinani , Jingyao Zhang , Elaheh Sadredini

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional Deep Neural Networks for low-power computing. However, the effectiveness of SNNs is not solely determined by their performance but also by their energy…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Florian Bacho , Dominique Chu

Research on transient execution attacks including Spectre and Meltdown showed that exception or branch misprediction events might leave secret-dependent traces in the CPU's microarchitectural state. This observation led to a proliferation…

Hardware caches are essential performance optimization features in modern processors to reduce the effective memory access time. Unfortunately, they are also the prime targets for attacks on computer processors because they are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Guangyuan Hu , Ruby B. Lee

On-device running Large Language Models (LLMs) is nowadays a critical enabler towards preserving user privacy. We observe that the attention operator falls back from the special-purpose NPU to the general-purpose CPU/GPU because of…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Wangsong Yin , Daliang Xu , Mengwei Xu , Gang Huang , Xuanzhe Liu

To improve the overall performance of processors, computer architects use various performance optimization techniques in modern processors, such as speculative execution, branch prediction, and chaotic execution. Both now and in the future,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Zhongkai Tong , Ziyuan Zhu , Yusha Zhang , Yuxin Liu , Dan Meng

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try guess the destination and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Paul Kocher , Daniel Genkin , Daniel Gruss , Werner Haas , Mike Hamburg , Moritz Lipp , Stefan Mangard , Thomas Prescher , Michael Schwarz , Yuval Yarom

Secure Multiparty Computation (MPC) protocols enable secure evaluation of a circuit by several parties, even in the presence of an adversary who maliciously corrupts all but one of the parties. These MPC protocols are constructed using the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yongqin Wang , Pratik Sarkar , Nishat Koti , Arpita Patra , Murali Annavaram

Spike sparsity is widely believed to enable efficient spiking neural network (SNN) inference on GPU hardware. We demonstrate this is an illusion: five distinct sparse computation strategies on Apple M3 Max all fail to outperform dense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiahao Qin

Microarchitectural timing channels exploit information leakage between security domains that should be isolated, bypassing the operating system's security boundaries. These channels result from contention for shared microarchitectural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Nils Wistoff , Gernot Heiser , Luca Benini

Previous schemes for designing secure branch prediction unit (SBPU) based on physical isolation can only offer limited security and significantly affect BPU's prediction capability, leading to prominent performance degradation. Moreover,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Zhe Zhou , Fei Tong , Hongyu Wang , Xiaoyu Cheng , Fang Jiang , Zhikun Zhang , Yuxing Mao

Temporal Neural Networks (TNNs) are spiking neural networks that use time as a resource to represent and process information, similar to the mammalian neocortex. In contrast to compute-intensive deep neural networks that employ separate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Harideep Nair , John Paul Shen , James E. Smith

Triangles are the basic substructure of networks and triangle counting (TC) has been a fundamental graph computing problem in numerous fields such as social network analysis. Nevertheless, like other graph computing problems, due to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Xueyan Wang , Jianlei Yang , Yinglin Zhao , Xiaotao Jia , Rong Yin , Xuhang Chen , Gang Qu , Weisheng Zhao

Modern microarchitectures incorporate optimization techniques such as speculative loads and store forwarding to improve the memory bottleneck. The processor executes the load speculatively before the stores, and forwards the data of a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Saad Islam , Ahmad Moghimi , Ida Bruhns , Moritz Krebbel , Berk Gulmezoglu , Thomas Eisenbarth , Berk Sunar

Out-of-order speculation, a technique ubiquitous since the early 1990s, remains a fundamental security flaw. Via attacks such as Spectre and Meltdown, an attacker can trick a victim, in an otherwise entirely correct program, into leaking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Sam Ainsworth