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Related papers: Tight bounds on depth-2 QAC-circuits computing par…

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In this work, we prove the strongest known lower bounds for QAC$^0$, allowing polynomially many gates and ancillae. Our main results show that: (1) Depth-3 QAC$^0$ circuits cannot compute PARITY, and require $\Omega(\exp(\sqrt{n}))$ gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Malvika Raj Joshi , Avishay Tal , Francisca Vasconcelos , John Wright

We show that the quantum parity gate on $n > 3$ qubits cannot be cleanly simulated by a quantum circuit with two layers of arbitrary C-SIGN gates of any arity and arbitrary 1-qubit unitary gates, regardless of the number of allowed ancilla…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-26 Daniel Padé , Stephen Fenner , Daniel Grier , Thomas Thierauf

QAC$^0$ is the class of constant-depth quantum circuits with polynomially many ancillary qubits, where Toffoli gates on arbitrarily many qubits are allowed. In this work, we show that the parity function cannot be computed in QAC$^0$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-11 Ashley Montanaro , Changpeng Shao , Dominic Verdon

QAC circuits are quantum circuits with one-qubit gates and Toffoli gates of arbitrary arity. QAC$^0$ circuits are QAC circuits of constant depth, and are quantum analogues of AC$^0$ circuits. We prove the following: $\bullet$ For all $d \ge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-01 Gregory Rosenthal

$\mathrm{QAC}^0$ is the family of constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits consisting of arbitrary single qubit unitaries and multi-qubit Toffoli gates. It was introduced by Moore [arXiv: 9903046] as a quantum counterpart of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Anurag Anshu , Yangjing Dong , Fengning Ou , Penghui Yao

We present the first computationally-efficient algorithm for average-case learning of shallow quantum circuits with many-qubit gates. Specifically, we provide a quasi-polynomial time and sample complexity algorithm for learning unknown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Francisca Vasconcelos , Hsin-Yuan Huang

The circuit class $\mathsf{QAC}^0$ was introduced by Moore (1999) as a model for constant depth quantum circuits where the gate set includes many-qubit Toffoli gates. Proving lower bounds against such circuits is a longstanding challenge in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-19 Shivam Nadimpalli , Natalie Parham , Francisca Vasconcelos , Henry Yuen

We present a construction for circuits with low gate count and depth, implementing three- and four-body Pauli-Z product operators as they appear in the form of plaquette-shaped constraints in QAOA when using the parity mapping. The circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-16 Josua Unger , Anette Messinger , Benjamin E. Niehoff , Michael Fellner , Wolfgang Lechner

The computational complexity of $\mathsf{QAC}^0$, which are constant-depth, polynomial-size quantum circuit families consisting of arbitrary single-qubit unitaries and $n$-qubit generalized Toffoli gates, has gained tremendous focus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Yangjing Dong , Fengning Ou , Penghui Yao

We prove several new lower bounds for constant depth quantum circuits. The main result is that parity (and hence fanout) requires log depth circuits, when the circuits are composed of single qubit and arbitrary size Toffoli gates, and when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Maosen Fang , Stephen Fenner , Frederic Green , Steven Homer , Yong Zhang

We demonstrate that the unbounded fan-out gate is very powerful. Constant-depth polynomial-size quantum circuits with bounded fan-in and unbounded fan-out over a fixed basis (denoted by QNCf^0) can approximate with polynomially small error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-10 Peter Hoyer , Robert Spalek

We present a native three-qubit entangling gate that exploits engineered interactions to realize control-control-target and control-target-target operations in a single coherent step. Unlike conventional decompositions into multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-15 Xuexin Xu , Siyu Wang , Radhika Joshi , Rihan Hai , Mohammad H. Ansari

Quantum discord quantifies quantum correlations beyond entanglement and assumes nonzero values, which are notoriously hard to compute, for almost all quantum states. Here we provide computable tight bounds for the quantum discord for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-01 Sixia Yu , Chengjie Zhang , Qing Chen , C. H. Oh

Linear optical quantum computation (LOQC) offers a promising platform for scalable quantum information processing, but its scalability is fundamentally constrained by the probabilistic nature of non-local entangling gates. Qudit circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Apurav , Jaskaran Singh

A recent line of work has shown the unconditional advantage of constant-depth quantum computation, or $\mathsf{QNC^0}$, over $\mathsf{NC^0}$, $\mathsf{AC^0}$, and related models of classical computation. Problems exhibiting this advantage…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Joseph Slote

In recent years, a very exciting and promising method for proving lower bounds for arithmetic circuits has been proposed. This method combines the method of {\it depth reduction} developed in the works of Agrawal-Vinay [AV08], Koiran…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-11-27 Mrinal Kumar , Shubhangi Saraf

We prove super-polynomial lower bounds for low-depth arithmetic circuits using the shifted partials measure [Gupta-Kamath-Kayal-Saptharishi, CCC 2013], [Kayal, ECCC 2012] and the affine projections of partials measure [Garg-Kayal-Saha, FOCS…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Prashanth Amireddy , Ankit Garg , Neeraj Kayal , Chandan Saha , Bhargav Thankey

Multi-qubit parity measurements are essential to quantum error correction. Current realizations of these measurements often rely on ancilla qubits, a method that is sensitive to faulty two-qubit gates and which requires significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-12 Baptiste Royer , Shruti Puri , Alexandre Blais

In 2005, H{\o}yer and \v{S}palek showed that constant-depth quantum circuits augmented with multi-qubit Fanout gates are quite powerful, able to compute a wide variety of Boolean functions as well as the quantum Fourier transform. They also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-08 Daniel Grier , Jackson Morris

Multi-qubit parity measurements are at the core of many quantum error correction schemes. Extracting multi-qubit parity information typically involves using a sequence of multiple two-qubit gates. In this paper, we propose a superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-11 Kasper Sangild Christensen , Nikolaj Thomas Zinner , Morten Kjaergaard
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