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With the rapid development of quantum computers the currently secure cryptographic protocols may not stay that way. Quantum mechanics provides means to create an inherently secure communication channel that is protected by the laws of…

Popular Physics · Physics 2022-12-01 Andrew Frigyik

Quantum communication represents a revolutionary advancement over classical information theory, which leverages unique quantum mechanics properties like entanglement to achieve unprecedented capabilities in secure and efficient information…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Amit Kumar Bhuyan , Hrishikesh Dutta

A quantum channel physically is a unitary interaction between the information carrying system and an environment, which is initialized in a pure state before the interaction. Conventionally, this state, as also the parameters of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-25 Siddharth Karumanchi , Stefano Mancini , Andreas Winter , Dong Yang

The physical layer describes how communication signals are encoded and transmitted across a channel. Physical security often requires either restricting access to the channel or performing periodic manual inspections. In this tutorial, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-07-18 Travis S. Humble

Quantum computing is rapidly emerging as one of the most transformative technologies of our time. With the potential to tackle problems that remain intractable for even the most powerful classical supercomputers, quantum hardware has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Sanjay Deshpande , Jakub Szefer

Encryption prevents unauthorized decoding, but does not ensure stealth---a security demand that a mere presence of a message be undetectable. We characterize the ultimate limit of covert communication that is secure against the most…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-31 Boulat A. Bash , Andrei H. Gheorghe , Monika Patel , Jonathan Habif , Dennis Goeckel , Don Towsley , Saikat Guha

A critical aspect of next-generation wireless networks is the integration of quantum communications to guard against quantum computing threats to classical networks. Despite successful experimental demonstrations, integrating quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Phuc V. Trinh , Shinya Sugiura , Carlo Ottaviani , Chao Xu , Lajos Hanzo

Is there a meaningful quantum counterpart to public communication? We argue that the symmetric-side channel -- which distributes quantum information symmetrically between the receiver and the environment -- is a good candidate for a notion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-09 Fernando G. S. L. Brandão , Jonathan Oppenheim

Quantum communications promise to revolutionise the way information is exchanged and protected. Unlike their classical counterpart, they are based on dim optical pulses that cannot be amplified by conventional optical repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-07 M. Minder , M. Pittaluga , G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

Secure communication plays a crucial role in the Internet Age. Quantum mechanics may revolutionise cryptography as we know it today. In this Review Article, we introduce the motivation and the current state of the art of research in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Hoi-Kwong Lo , Marcos Curty , Kiyoshi Tamaki

(Sender-)Deniable encryption provides a very strong privacy guarantee: a sender who is coerced by an attacker into "opening" their ciphertext after-the-fact is able to generate "fake" local random choices that are consistent with any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-28 Andrea Coladangelo , Shafi Goldwasser , Umesh Vazirani

Experimental Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols have to consist of not only the unconditionally secure quantum transmission, but also a subsequent classical exchange that enables key reconciliation and error correction. There is a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Elizabeth Newton , Matthew C. J. Everitt , Freya L. Wilson , Benjamin T. H. Varcoe

In quantum censorship, an agency oversees quantum communication in a public-domain network. The agency restricts the users communication to the free states of a quantum resource theory (QRT). Despite quantum correlations being fragile, any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-02 Julien Pinske , Klaus Mølmer

Networks of quantum devices with coherent control over their configuration offer promising advantages in quantum information processing. So far, the investigation of these advantages assumed that the control system was initially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Tamal Guha , Saptarshi Roy , Giulio Chiribella

Recently, Chang et al (Quantum Inf Process,14,3515,2015) proposed a controlled bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using Bell states. In this work, the significance of Bell states, which are being used as initial states in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-15 Amit Kumar Mohapatra , S. Balakrishnan

Quantum computing and quantum communications are exciting new frontiers in computing and communications. Indeed, the massive investments made by the governments of the US, China, and EU in these new technologies are not a secret and are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-20 Keith Shannon , Elias Towe , Ozan K. Tonguz

Public-key cryptosystems for quantum messages are considered from two aspects: public-key encryption and public-key authentication. Firstly, we propose a general construction of quantum public-key encryption scheme, and then construct an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-05-11 Min Liang , Li Yang

Quantum Key Exchange (QKE, also known as Quantum Key Distribution or QKD) allows communicating parties to securely establish cryptographic keys. It is a well-established fact that all QKE protocols require that the parties have access to an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-08-11 Kenneth G. Paterson , Fred Piper , Ruediger Schack

When quantum communication networks proliferate they will likely be subject to a new type of attack: by hackers, virus makers, and other malicious intruders. Here we introduce the concept of "quantum malware" to describe such human-made…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 Lian-Ao Wu , Daniel A. Lidar

Quantum communication, and indeed quantum information in general, has changed the way we think about quantum physics. In 1984 and 1991, the first protocol for quantum cryptography and the first application of quantum non-locality,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Nicolas Gisin , Rob Thew