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Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown remarkable capabilities in various software engineering tasks, spurring the rapid growth of the Large Language Models for Software Engineering (LLM4SE) area. However, limited attention has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Jieke Shi , Zhou Yang , David Lo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a milestone in the field of artificial intelligence and natural language processing. However, their large-scale deployment remains constrained by the need for significant computational resources.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Julián Camilo Velandia Gutiérrez

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse tasks but come with substantial energy and computational costs, particularly in request-heavy scenarios. In many real-world applications, the full scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Patrick Wilhelm , Thorsten Wittkopp , Odej Kao

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited exciting progress in multiple scenarios, while the huge computational demands hinder their deployments in lots of real-world applications. As an effective means to reduce memory footprint and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yijun Liu , Yuan Meng , Fang Wu , Shenhao Peng , Hang Yao , Chaoyu Guan , Chen Tang , Xinzhu Ma , Zhi Wang , Wenwu Zhu

Large language models can be quantized to reduce inference time latency, model size, and energy consumption, thereby delivering a better user experience at lower cost. A challenge exists to deliver quantized models with minimal loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

The migration of Large Language Models (LLMs) from cloud clusters to edge devices promises enhanced privacy and offline accessibility, but this transition encounters a harsh reality: the physical constraints of mobile batteries, thermal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Eziyo Ehsani , Luca Giamattei , Ivano Malavolta , Roberto Pietrantuono

As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become more widespread, concerns about their environmental impact are increasing due to the resource-intensive nature of training and inference processes. Green AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

The growth of machine learning (ML) models and associated datasets triggers a consequent dramatic increase in energy costs for the use and training of these models. In the current context of environmental awareness and global sustainability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gwendal Jouneaux , Jordi Cabot

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge devices enhances privacy but faces performance hurdles due to limited resources. We introduce a systematic methodology to evaluate on-device LLMs, balancing capability, efficiency, and resource…

The computational and energy costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) have increased exponentially driven by the growing model sizes and the massive adoption of LLMs by hundreds of millions of users. The unit cost of an LLM is the computation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Raquel Ferrando , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , Pedro Reviriego

Large language models are ubiquitous in natural language processing because they can adapt to new tasks without retraining. However, their sheer scale and complexity present unique challenges and opportunities, prompting researchers and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Leo Donisch , Sigurd Schacht , Carsten Lanquillon

Advancements in Natural Language Processing are heavily reliant on the Transformer architecture, whose improvements come at substantial resource costs due to ever-growing model sizes. This study explores optimization techniques, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Tom Wallace , Naser Ezzati-Jivan , Beatrice Ombuki-Berman

Although machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) present fascinating opportunities for innovation, their rapid development is also significantly impacting our environment. In response to growing resource-awareness in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Raphael Fischer

Machine learning (ML) has seen tremendous advancements, but its environmental footprint remains a concern. Acknowledging the growing environmental impact of ML this paper investigates Green ML, examining various model architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Ioannis Mavromatis , Kostas Katsaros , Aftab Khan

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLM) such as ChatGPT, CoPilot, and Gemini have been widely adopted in different areas. As the use of LLMs continues to grow, many efforts have focused on reducing the massive training overheads of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Hayden Moore , Sirui Qi , Ninad Hogade , Dejan Milojicic , Cullen Bash , Sudeep Pasricha

A significant portion of the energy consumed by Large Language Models (LLMs) arises from their inference processes; hence developing energy-efficient methods for inference is crucial. While several techniques exist for inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Soham Poddar , Paramita Koley , Janardan Misra , Sanjay Podder , Navveen Balani , Niloy Ganguly , Saptarshi Ghosh

By integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) has revolutionized many fields. However, AIoT is facing the challenges of energy consumption and carbon emissions due to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Jinbo Wen , Ruichen Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Jiawen Kang , Hongyang Du , Yang Zhang , Zhu Han

Despite the superior performance, Large Language Models~(LLMs) require significant computational resources for deployment and use. To overcome this issue, quantization methods have been widely applied to reduce the memory footprint of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Peiyu Liu , Zikang Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Dawei Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess substantial reasoning capabilities and are increasingly applied to optimization tasks, particularly in synergy with evolutionary computation. However, while recent surveys have explored specific aspects…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yisong Zhang , Ran Cheng , Guoxing Yi , Kay Chen Tan

This paper introduces a novel Large Language Models (LLMs)-assisted agent that automatically converts natural-language descriptions of power system optimization scenarios into compact, solver-ready formulations and generates corresponding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yunkai Hu , Tianqiao Zhao , Meng Yue
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