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The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term devices. However, as the number of layers in a QAOA circuit increases, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Owain Parry , Phil McMinn

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a variational ansatz that resembles the Trotterized dynamics of a Quantum Annealing (QA) protocol. This work formalizes this connection formally and empirically, showing the angles of…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been suggested as a promising candidate for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems. Yet, whether - or under what conditions - it may offer an advantage compared to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-14 Vanessa Dehn , Martin Zaefferer , Gerhard Hellstern , Florentin Reiter , Thomas Wellens

Approximate combinatorial optimization is a promising use case for quantum computers. The quantum optimization algorithms often employ a fixed ansatz that evolves an unbiased initial state towards states with better values of the optimand,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Titus Morris , Stuart Hadfield , Ryan Bennink

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and its derived variants are widely in use for approximating combinatorial optimization problem instances on gate-based Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. Commonly,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 Simon Garhofer , Oliver Bringmann

Quantum computers may provide good solutions to combinatorial optimization problems by leveraging the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). The QAOA is often presented as an algorithm for noisy hardware. However, hardware…

Variational quantum algorithms are believed to be promising for solving computationally hard problems and are often comprised of repeated layers of quantum gates. An example thereof is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA),…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is widely seen as a possible usage of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. We analyze the algorithm as a bang-bang protocol with fixed total time and a randomized greedy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-16 Daniel Liang , Li Li , Stefan Leichenauer

We report a proof-of-principle implementation of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) for the smallest nontrivial MAX-CUT instance on an NV-center-based quantum processor operating at room temperature. The two-qubit…

This paper presents the Maximum Amplification Optimisation Algorithm (MAOA), a novel quantum algorithm designed for combinatorial optimisation in the restricted circuit depth context of near-term quantum computing. The MAOA first produces a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-02 Tavis Bennett , Jingbo B. Wang

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the leading candidates for demonstrating the quantum advantage using near-term quantum computers. Unfortunately, high device error rates limit us from reliably running QAOA…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-06 Ramin Ayanzadeh , Narges Alavisamani , Poulami Das , Moinuddin Qureshi

There exist numerous problems in nature inherently described by finite $D$-dimensional states. Formulating these problems for execution on qubit-based quantum hardware requires mapping the qudit Hilbert space to that of multiqubit which may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Shakib Daryanoosh

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising solution for combinatorial optimization problems using a hybrid quantum-classical framework. Among combinatorial optimization problems, the Maximum Cut (Max-Cut)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Po-Hsuan Huang , Xie-Ru Li , Chi Chuang , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

Quantum Simulation-based Optimization (QuSO) is a recently proposed class of optimization problems that entails industrially relevant problems characterized by cost functions or constraints that depend on summary statistic information about…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), which is a variational quantum algorithm, aims to give sub-optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. It is widely believed that QAOA has the potential to demonstrate…

Quantum computing promises solutions to classically difficult and new-found problems through controlling the subtleties of quantum computing. The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a recently proposed quantum algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Nicholas J. Pritchard

We introduce the Constraint-Enhanced Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (CE-QAOA), a shallow, constraint-aware ansatz that operates inside the one-hot product space [n]^m, where m is the number of blocks and each block is…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chinonso Onah , Roman Firt , Kristel Michielsen

Variational quantum algorithms, such as the Recursive Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (RQAOA), have become increasingly popular, offering promising avenues for employing Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices to address…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Shuaiqun Pan , Yash J. Patel , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Thomas Bäck , Hao Wang

Optimization problems are ubiquitous in various industrial settings, and multi-knapsack optimization is one recurrent task faced daily by several industries. The advent of quantum computing has opened a new paradigm for computationally…