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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a favorable architecture in the era of large models due to its inherent advantage, i.e., enlarging model capacity without incurring notable computational overhead. Yet, the realization of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Zhixu Du , Shiyu Li , Yuhao Wu , Xiangyu Jiang , Jingwei Sun , Qilin Zheng , Yongkai Wu , Ang Li , Hai "Helen" Li , Yiran Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models face deployment challenges due to their large parameter counts and computational demands. We explore quantization for MoE models and highlight two key insights: 1) linear blocks exhibit varying quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Haojie Duanmu , Xiuhong Li , Zhihang Yuan , Size Zheng , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has driven the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures as a promising solution to scale model capacity while controlling computational costs. However, deploying MoE models in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Muqing Li , Ning Li , Xin Yuan , Wenchao Xu , Quan Chen , Song Guo , Haijun Zhang

To deploy large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models cost-effectively, offloading-based single-GPU heterogeneous inference is crucial. While GPU-CPU architectures that offload cold experts are constrained by host memory bandwidth, emerging…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yudong Pan , Yintao He , Tianhua Han , Lian Liu , Shixin Zhao , Zhirong Chen , Mengdi Wang , Cangyuan Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Deep models have driven significant advances in click-through rate (CTR) prediction. While vertical scaling via layer stacking improves model expressiveness, the layer-by-layer sequential computation poses challenges to efficient scaling.…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling neural networks while maintaining computational efficiency. However, standard MoE implementations rely on two rigid design assumptions: (1) fixed Top-K…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Gökdeniz Gülmez

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense success in revolutionizing various applications, including content generation, search and recommendation, and AI-assisted operation. To reduce high training costs, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hanfei Yu , Xingqi Cui , Hong Zhang , Hao Wang , Hao Wang

The parameter size of modern large language models (LLMs) can be scaled up via the sparsely-activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) technique to avoid excessive increase of the computational costs. To further improve training efficiency,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yunqi Gao , Bing Hu , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , A-Long Jin , Yanfeng Zhang , Pei Xiao , Rahim Tafazolli , Merouane Debbah

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, though highly effective for various machine learning tasks, face significant deployment challenges on memory-constrained devices. While GPUs offer fast inference, their limited memory compared to CPUs means…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yujie Zhang , Shivam Aggarwal , Tulika Mitra

Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become one of the most popular techniques to scale pre-trained models to extraordinarily large sizes. Dynamic activation of experts allows for conditional computation, increasing the number of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Zheng Zhang , Donglin Yang , Yaqi Xia , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao , Xiaobo Zhou , Dazhao Cheng

This paper presents MoE-Gen, a high-throughput MoE inference system optimized for single-GPU execution. Existing inference systems rely on model-based or continuous batching strategies, originally designed for interactive inference, which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Tairan Xu , Leyang Xue , Zhan Lu , Adrian Jackson , Luo Mai

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model has emerged as a prominent architecture in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs), providing a better balance between model performance and computational efficiency. However the General Matrix Multiply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Yulei Qian , Fengcun Li , Xiangyang Ji , Xiaoyu Zhao , Jianchao Tan , Kefeng Zhang , Xunliang Cai

Large language models (LLMs) based on transformers have made significant strides in recent years, the success of which is driven by scaling up their model size. Despite their high algorithmic performance, the computational and memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Ranggi Hwang , Jianyu Wei , Shijie Cao , Changho Hwang , Xiaohu Tang , Ting Cao , Mao Yang

Conventional large language models (LLMs) are equipped with dozens of GB to TB of model parameters, making inference highly energy-intensive and costly as all the weights need to be loaded to onboard processing elements during computation.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Wei-Hsing Huang , Janak Sharda , Cheng-Jhih Shih , Yuyao Kong , Faaiq Waqar , Pin-Jun Chen , Yingyan , Lin , Shimeng Yu

With the breakthrough progress of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing and multimodal tasks, efficiently deploying them on resource-constrained edge devices has become a critical challenge. The Mixture of Experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Tuo Zhang , Ning Li , Xin Yuan , Wenchao Xu , Quan Chen , Song Guo , Haijun Zhang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has been widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) to reduce computation cost through model sparsity. Employing speculative decoding (SD) can further accelerate MoE inference by drafting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Liangkun Chen , Zijian Wen , Tian Wu , Xiaoxi Zhang , Chuan Wu

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) structure scales the Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) and improves their performance with only the sub-linear increase in computation resources. Recently, a fine-grained DeepSeekMoE structure is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zewen Jin , Shengnan Wang , Jiaan Zhu , Hongrui Zhan , Youhui Bai , Lin Zhang , Zhenyu Ming , Cheng Li

Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with conditionally-activated parallel experts. However, serving MoE models on memory-constrained devices is challenging due to the large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Rui Kong , Yuanchun Li , Qingtian Feng , Weijun Wang , Xiaozhou Ye , Ye Ouyang , Linghe Kong , Yunxin Liu

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) model becomes an important choice of large language models nowadays because of its scalability with sublinear computational complexity for training and inference. However, existing MoE models suffer from two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Xin Chen , Hengheng Zhang , Xiaotao Gu , Kaifeng Bi , Lingxi Xie , Qi Tian

Artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved astonishing successes in many domains, especially with the recent breakthroughs in the development of foundational large models. These large models, leveraging their extensive training data, provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Siyuan Mu , Sen Lin