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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse domains, yet they still encounter challenges such as insufficient domain-specific knowledge, biases, and hallucinations. This underscores the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Hongliu Cao , Ilias Driouich , Robin Singh , Eoin Thomas

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful and general solutions to many natural language tasks. However, many of the most important applications of language generation are interactive, where an agent has to talk to a person to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Joey Hong , Sergey Levine , Anca Dragan

Large language models (LLMs) as autonomous agents offer a novel avenue for tackling real-world challenges through a knowledge-driven manner. These LLM-enhanced methodologies excel in generalization and interpretability. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Kemou Jiang , Xuan Cai , Zhiyong Cui , Aoyong Li , Yilong Ren , Haiyang Yu , Hao Yang , Daocheng Fu , Licheng Wen , Pinlong Cai

LLM-based Automatic Prompt Optimization, which typically utilizes LLMs as Prompt Optimizers to self-reflect and refine prompts, has shown promising performance in recent studies. Despite the success, the underlying mechanism of this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Ruotian Ma , Xiaolei Wang , Xin Zhou , Jian Li , Nan Du , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has brought a new paradigm to automated essay scoring (AES), a long-standing and practical application of natural language processing in education. However, achieving human-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jinhee Jang , Ayoung Moon , Minkyoung Jung , YoungBin Kim , Seung Jin Lee

In the age of AI-powered educational (AIED) innovation, evaluating the developmental consequences of novel designs before they are exposed to students has become both essential and challenging. Since such interventions may carry…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianxiao Jiang , Yu Zhang

Optimization is as much about modeling the right problem as solving it. Identifying the right objectives, constraints, and trade-offs demands extensive interaction between researchers and stakeholders. Large language models can empower…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Joshua Drossman , Alexandre Jacquillat , Sébastien Martin

Our study introduces an automated system leveraging large language models (LLMs) to assess the effectiveness of five key tutoring strategies: 1. giving effective praise, 2. reacting to errors, 3. determining what students know, 4. helping…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Megan Gu , Chloe Qianhui Zhao , Claire Liu , Nikhil Patel , Jahnvi Shah , Jionghao Lin , Kenneth R. Koedinger

Automatic search for Multi-Agent Systems has recently emerged as a key focus in agentic AI research. Several prior approaches have relied on LLM-based free-form search over the code space. In this work, we propose a more structured…

The landscape of education is changing rapidly, shaped by emerging pedagogical approaches, technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), and evolving societal expectations, all of which demand thorough evaluation of new…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Fiammetta Caccavale , Carina L. Gargalo , Julian Kager , Magdalena Skowyra , Steen Larsen , Krist V. Gernaey , Ulrich Krühne

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown promising potential in automating Instructional Systems Design (ISD), a systematic approach to developing educational programs. However, evaluating these agents remains challenging due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 YoungHoon Jeon , Suwan Kim , Haein Son , Sookbun Lee , Yeil Jeong , Unggi Lee

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are transforming education by automating complex pedagogical tasks and enhancing both teaching and learning processes. In this survey, we present a systematic review of recent advances in applying LLM…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhendong Chu , Shen Wang , Jian Xie , Tinghui Zhu , Yibo Yan , Jinheng Ye , Aoxiao Zhong , Xuming Hu , Jing Liang , Philip S. Yu , Qingsong Wen

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly employed to automate complex software engineering tasks, such as program repair and issue resolution. These agents operate by autonomously generating natural language thoughts,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Islem Bouzenia , Michael Pradel

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to interact with external environments (e.g., games, compilers, APIs) as goal-driven agents. However, it remains challenging for these language agents to quickly and efficiently learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Noah Shinn , Federico Cassano , Edward Berman , Ashwin Gopinath , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

This study focuses on using large language models (LLMs) as a planner for embodied agents that can follow natural language instructions to complete complex tasks in a visually-perceived environment. The high data cost and poor sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Chan Hee Song , Jiaman Wu , Clayton Washington , Brian M. Sadler , Wei-Lun Chao , Yu Su

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, they are increasingly being employed in numerous studies to simulate societies and execute diverse social tasks. However, LLMs are susceptible to societal biases due to their exposure to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Angana Borah , Rada Mihalcea

This paper presents a psychologically-aware conversational agent designed to enhance both learning performance and emotional well-being in educational settings. The system combines Large Language Models (LLMs), a knowledge graph-enhanced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Nour El Houda Ben Chaabene , Hamza Hammami , Laid Kahloul

Personalized chatbot-based teaching assistants can be crucial in addressing increasing classroom sizes, especially where direct teacher presence is limited. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising avenue, with increasing research…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Harsh Kumar , Ilya Musabirov , Mohi Reza , Jiakai Shi , Xinyuan Wang , Joseph Jay Williams , Anastasia Kuzminykh , Michael Liut

As the importance of comprehensive evaluation in workshop courses increases, there is a growing demand for efficient and fair assessment methods that reduce the workload for faculty members. This paper presents an evaluation conducted with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Toru Ishida , Tongxi Liu , Hailong Wang , William K. Cheung