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Subword tokenization has been widely successful in text-based natural language processing (NLP) tasks with Transformer-based models. As Transformer models become increasingly popular in symbolic music-related studies, it is imperative to…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Adarsh Kumar , Pedro Sarmento

Transformer architecture has enabled recent progress in speech enhancement. Since Transformers are position-agostic, positional encoding is the de facto standard component used to enable Transformers to distinguish the order of elements in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Qiquan Zhang , Meng Ge , Hongxu Zhu , Eliathamby Ambikairajah , Qi Song , Zhaoheng Ni , Haizhou Li

Positional encoding mechanisms enable Transformers to model sequential structure and long-range dependencies in text. While absolute positional encodings struggle with extrapolation to longer sequences due to fixed positional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chang Dai , Hongyu Shan , Mingyang Song , Di Liang

Position information is essential for language modeling. In softmax transformers, Rotary Position Embeddings (\textit{RoPE}) encode positions through \textit{fixed-angle} rotations, while in linear transformers, order is handled via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Sajad Movahedi , Timur Carstensen , Arshia Afzal , Frank Hutter , Antonio Orvieto , Volkan Cevher

Since self-attention layers in Transformers are permutation invariant by design, positional encodings must be explicitly incorporated to enable spatial understanding. However, fixed-size lookup tables used in traditional learnable position…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Huayang Li , Yahui Liu , Hongyu Sun , Deng Cai , Leyang Cui , Wei Bi , Peilin Zhao , Taro Watanabe

The Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) mechanism has become a powerful enhancement to the Transformer architecture, which enables models to capture token relationships when encoding positional information. However, the RoPE mechanisms make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Jiayan Huo , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

The distinguishing power of graph transformers is closely tied to the choice of positional encoding: features used to augment the base transformer with information about the graph. There are two primary types of positional encoding:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Mitchell Black , Zhengchao Wan , Gal Mishne , Amir Nayyeri , Yusu Wang

Rotary positional embeddings (RoPE) are widely used in large language models to encode token positions through multiplicative rotations, yet their behavior at long context lengths remains poorly characterized. In this work, we reinterpret…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Feilong Liu

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Guowei Wu , Shipei Liu , Xiaoya Fan

How can neural networks perform so well on compositional tasks even though they lack explicit compositional representations? We use a novel analysis technique called ROLE to show that recurrent neural networks perform well on such tasks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Paul Soulos , Tom McCoy , Tal Linzen , Paul Smolensky

Discovering causal direction from temporal observational data is particularly challenging for symbolic sequences, where functional models and noise assumptions are often unavailable. We propose a novel \emph{Dictionary Based Pattern Entropy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-06 Harikrishnan N B , Shubham Bhilare , Aditi Kathpalia , Nithin Nagaraj

Positional embeddings (PE) play a crucial role in Vision Transformers (ViTs) by providing spatial information otherwise lost due to the permutation invariant nature of self attention. While absolute positional embeddings (APE) have shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Md Abtahi Majeed Chowdhury , Md Rifat Ur Rahman , Akil Ahmad Taki

Modelling musical structure is vital yet challenging for artificial intelligence systems that generate symbolic music compositions. This literature review dissects the evolution of techniques for incorporating coherent structure, from…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Keshav Bhandari , Simon Colton

Every Transformer architecture dedicates enormous capacity to learning rich representations in semantic embedding space -- yet the rotation manifold acted upon by Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) has been treated as a fixed, hand-crafted…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hailing Cheng , Daqi Sun , Xinyu Lu

Fourier features based positional encoding (PE) is commonly used in machine learning tasks that involve learning high-frequency features from low-dimensional inputs, such as 3D view synthesis and time series regression with neural tangent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Chuanhao Sun , Zhihang Yuan , Kai Xu , Luo Mai , N. Siddharth , Shuo Chen , Mahesh K. Marina

Position encoding is the primary mechanism which induces notion of sequential order for input tokens in transformer architectures. Even though this formulation in the original transformer paper has yielded plausible performance for general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Eren Unlu

Applying Transformers to irregular time-series typically requires specializations to their baseline architecture, which can result in additional computational overhead and increased method complexity. We present the Rotary Masked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Uros Zivanovic , Serafina Di Gioia , Andre Scaffidi , Martín de los Rios , Gabriella Contardo , Roberto Trotta

Large-scale knowledge bases have currently reached impressive sizes; however, these knowledge bases are still far from complete. In addition, most of the existing methods for knowledge base completion only consider the direct links between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-27 Xixun Lin , Yanchun Liang , Fausto Giunchiglia , Xiaoyue Feng , Renchu Guan

We propose a novel positional encoding for learning graph on Transformer architecture. Existing approaches either linearize a graph to encode absolute position in the sequence of nodes, or encode relative position with another node using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Wonpyo Park , Woonggi Chang , Donggeon Lee , Juntae Kim , Seung-won Hwang

The task of event extraction (EE) aims to find the events and event-related argument information from the text and represent them in a structured format. Most previous works try to solve the problem by separately identifying multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Alapan Kuila , Sudeshan Sarkar