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Many Ethereum smart contracts rely on block attributes such as block.timestamp or blockhash to generate random numbers for applications like lotteries and games. However, these values are predictable and miner-manipulable, creating the Bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hadis Rezaei , Rahim Taheri , Francesco Palmieri

In recent years, decentralized applications (dApps) built on blockchain platforms such as Ethereum and coded in languages such as Solidity, have gained attention for their potential to disrupt traditional centralized systems. Despite their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Sabrina Aufiero , Giacomo Ibba , Silvia Bartolucci , Giuseppe Destefanis , Rumyana Neykova , Marco Ortu

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in automated software security, particularly in vulnerability detection. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on isolated, single-vulnerability samples or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Chinmay Pushkar , Sanchit Kabra , Dhruv Kumar , Jagat Sesh Challa

Vulnerability detection and safety of smart contracts are of paramount importance because of their immutable nature. Symbolic tools like OYENTE and MAIAN are typically used for vulnerability prediction in smart contracts. As these tools are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Ajay K. Gogineni , S. Swayamjyoti , Devadatta Sahoo , Kisor K. Sahu , Raj kishore

As software becomes increasingly complex and prone to vulnerabilities, automated vulnerability detection is critically important, yet challenging. Given the significant successes of large language models (LLMs) in various tasks, there is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Zeyu Gao , Hao Wang , Yuchen Zhou , Wenyu Zhu , Chao Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have been used in many application domains, including cyber security. The application of LLMs in the cyber security domain presents significant opportunities, such as for enhancing threat analysis and malware…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Adel ElZemity , Budi Arief , Shujun Li

This research addresses the complex challenge of automated repair of code vulnerabilities, vital for enhancing digital security in an increasingly technology-driven world. The study introduces a novel and efficient format for the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-04 David de-Fitero-Dominguez , Eva Garcia-Lopez , Antonio Garcia-Cabot , Jose-Javier Martinez-Herraiz

This paper presents the results of finetuning large language models (LLMs) for the task of detecting vulnerabilities in source code. We leverage WizardCoder, a recent improvement of the state-of-the-art LLM StarCoder, and adapt it for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Alexey Shestov , Rodion Levichev , Ravil Mussabayev , Evgeny Maslov , Anton Cheshkov , Pavel Zadorozhny

The automated program repair field has attracted substantial interest over the years, but despite significant research efforts, creating a system that works well for complex semantic bugs such as security vulnerabilities has proven…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Berkay Berabi , Alexey Gronskiy , Veselin Raychev , Gishor Sivanrupan , Victor Chibotaru , Martin Vechev

Despite the continued research and progress in building secure systems, Android applications continue to be ridden with vulnerabilities, necessitating effective detection methods. Current strategies involving static and dynamic analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Noble Saji Mathews , Yelizaveta Brus , Yousra Aafer , Meiyappan Nagappan , Shane McIntosh

While smart contracts are foundational elements of blockchain applications, their inherent susceptibility to security vulnerabilities poses a significant challenge. Existing training datasets employed for vulnerability detection tools may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Cuong Tran Manh , Hieu Dinh Vo

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code from natural language instructions, yet they often lack an understanding of security vulnerabilities. This limitation makes it difficult for LLMs to avoid security risks in generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Lingxiang Wang , Hainan Zhang , Qinnan Zhang , Ziwei Wang , Hongwei Zheng , Jin Dong , Zhiming Zheng

An increasing number of DeFi protocols are gaining popularity, facilitating transactions among multiple anonymous users. State Manipulation is one of the notorious attacks in DeFi smart contracts, with price variable being the most commonly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Hao Wu , Haijun Wang , Shangwang Li , Yin Wu , Ming Fan , Yitao Zhao , Ting Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as transformative tools for software vulnerability detection, addressing critical challenges in the security domain. Traditional methods, such as static and dynamic analysis, often falter due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ze Sheng , Zhicheng Chen , Shuning Gu , Heqing Huang , Guofei Gu , Jeff Huang

When blockchain systems are said to be trustless, what this really means is that all the trust is put into software. Thus, there are strong incentives to ensure blockchain software is correct -- vulnerabilities here cost millions and break…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Ivan Gavran , Gabriela Moreira , Daniel Neider

The Smart Contract Weakness Classification Registry (SWC Registry) is a widely recognized list of smart contract weaknesses specific to the Ethereum platform. Despite the SWC Registry not being updated with new entries since 2020, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Zibin Zheng , Jianzhong Su , Jiachi Chen , David Lo , Zhijie Zhong , Mingxi Ye

In the case of upgrading smart contracts on blockchain systems, it is essential to consider the continuity of upgrades and subsequent maintenance. In practice, upgrade operations often introduce new vulnerabilities. Existing static analysis…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiaoqi Li , Lei Xie , Wenkai Li , Zongwei Li

Modern blockchain, such as Ethereum, supports the deployment and execution of so-called smart contracts, autonomous digital programs with significant value of cryptocurrency. Executing smart contracts requires gas costs paid by users, which…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Majd Soud , Waltteri Nuutinen , Grischa Liebel

Context: Traditional software security analysis methods struggle to keep pace with the scale and complexity of modern codebases, requiring intelligent automation to detect, assess, and remediate vulnerabilities more efficiently and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Shaznin Sultana , Sadia Afreen , Nasir U. Eisty