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This survey paper chronicles the evolution of evaluation in multimodal artificial intelligence (AI), framing it as a progression of increasingly sophisticated "cognitive examinations." We argue that the field is undergoing a paradigm shift,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Mayank Ravishankara , Varindra V. Persad Maharaj

Automated theorem provers and formal proof assistants are general reasoning systems that are in theory capable of proving arbitrarily hard theorems, thus solving arbitrary problems reducible to mathematics and logical reasoning. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Lasse Blaauwbroek , David Cerna , Thibault Gauthier , Jan Jakubův , Cezary Kaliszyk , Martin Suda , Josef Urban

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to create more sustainable production methods and model climate change, making it a valuable tool in the fight against environmental degradation. This paper describes the paradox of an energy-consuming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arnault Pachot , Céline Patissier

Artificial intelligence is already being applied in and impacting many important sectors in society, including healthcare, finance, and policing. These applications will increase as AI capabilities continue to progress, which has the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Jess Whittlestone , Sam Clarke

Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have transformed many scientific fields, with microbiology and microbiome research now experiencing significant breakthroughs through machine learning applications. This review provides a…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-19 Xu-Wen Wang , Tong Wang , Yang-Yu Liu

Digital twins, as precise digital representations of physical systems, have evolved from passive simulation tools into intelligent and autonomous entities through the integration of artificial intelligence technologies. This paper presents…

Explosive growth in big data technologies and artificial intelligence [AI] applications have led to increasing pervasiveness of information facets and a rapidly growing array of information representations. Information facets, such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Jim Samuel , Rajiv Kashyap , Yana Samuel , Alexander Pelaez

Computer programming is undergoing a true transformation driven by powerful new tools for automatic source code generation based on large language models. This transformation is also manifesting in introductory programming courses at…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Clemente Rubio-Manzano , Jazna Meza , Rodolfo Fernandez-Santibanez , Christian Vidal-Castro

From massive face-recognition-based surveillance and machine-learning-based decision systems predicting crime recidivism rates, to the move towards automated health diagnostic systems, artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in scenarios…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Timnit Gebru

The (generative) artificial intelligence (AI) era has profoundly reshaped the meaning and value of data. No longer confined to static content, data now permeates every stage of the AI lifecycle from the training samples that shape model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yiming Li , Shuo Shao , Yu He , Junfeng Guo , Tianwei Zhang , Zhan Qin , Pin-Yu Chen , Michael Backes , Philip Torr , Dacheng Tao , Kui Ren

Augmentation technologies, fueled by Artificial Intelligence (AI), are undergoing a process of adaptation and normalization geared to everyday users in various roles as practitioners, educators, and students. While new innovations,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ann Hill Duin , Isabel Pedersen

With the world population rapidly increasing, transforming our agrifood systems to be more productive, efficient, safe, and sustainable is crucial to mitigate potential food shortages. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Tao Chen , Liang Lv , Di Wang , Jing Zhang , Yue Yang , Zeyang Zhao , Chen Wang , Xiaowei Guo , Hao Chen , Qingye Wang , Yufei Xu , Qiming Zhang , Bo Du , Liangpei Zhang , Dacheng Tao

With the advent of the digital era, every day-to-day task is automated due to technological advances. However, technology has yet to provide people with enough tools and safeguards. As the internet connects more-and-more devices around the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Abhilash Chakraborty , Anupam Biswas , Ajoy Kumar Khan

Artificial intelligence is humanity's most promising technology because of the remarkable capabilities offered by foundation models. Yet, the same technology brings confusion and consternation: foundation models are poorly understood and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Rishi Bommasani

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution foretold of during the 1960s is well underway in the second decade of the 21st century. Its period of phenomenal growth likely lies ahead. Still, we believe, there are crucial lessons that biology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-05 Jeffrey L. Krichmar , William Severa , Salar M. Khan , James L. Olds

Building autonomous -- i.e., choosing goals based on one's needs -- and adaptive -- i.e., surviving in ever-changing environments -- agents has been a holy grail of artificial intelligence (AI). A living organism is a prime example of such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Sungwoo Lee , Younghyun Oh , Hyunhoe An , Hyebhin Yoon , Karl J. Friston , Seok Jun Hong , Choong-Wan Woo

Machine learning is a modern approach to problem-solving and task automation. In particular, machine learning is concerned with the development and applications of algorithms that can recognize patterns in data and use them for predictive…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an extensive scientific discipline which enables computer systems to solve problems by emulating complex biological processes such as learning, reasoning and self-correction. This paper presents a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Javier Mata , Ignacio de Miguel , Ramó n J. Durá n , Noemí Merayo , Sandeep Kumar Singh , Admela Jukan , Mohit Chamania

Learning to follow human instructions is a long-pursued goal in artificial intelligence. The task becomes particularly challenging if no prior knowledge of the employed language is assumed while relying only on a handful of examples to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Rezka Leonandya , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes , Germán Kruszewski

Cognitive Science has profoundly shaped disciplines such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Philosophy, Psychology, Neuroscience, Linguistics, and Culture. Many breakthroughs in AI trace their roots to cognitive theories, while AI itself has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Rui Mao , Qian Liu , Xiao Li , Erik Cambria , Amir Hussain