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In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence. However, training these models from scratch requires substantial computational resources and vast amounts of text data. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Wenzhen Zheng , Wenbo Pan , Xu Xu , Libo Qin , Li Yue , Ming Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly multilingual, yet open models continue to underperform relative to proprietary systems, with the gap most pronounced for African languages. Continued pre-training (CPT) offers a practical route…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hao Yu , Tianyi Xu , Michael A. Hedderich , Wassim Hamidouche , Syed Waqas Zamir , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

The impact of different multilingual data mixtures in pretraining large language models (LLMs) has been a topic of ongoing debate, often raising concerns about potential trade-offs between language coverage and model performance (i.e., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Negar Foroutan , Paul Teiletche , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Antoine Bosselut

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly trained on English-centric data, resulting in uneven performance for smaller languages. We study whether continued pretraining (CPT) can substantially improve Estonian capabilities in a…

Open-source Large Language models (OsLLMs) propel the democratization of natural language research by giving the flexibility to augment or update model parameters for performance improvement. Nevertheless, like proprietary LLMs, Os-LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Arijit Nag , Soumen Chakrabarti , Animesh Mukherjee , Niloy Ganguly

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with cross-lingual tasks due to data imbalances between high-resource and low-resource languages, as well as monolingual bias in pre-training. Existing methods, such as bilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weihua Zheng , Chang Liu , Zhengyuan Liu , Xin Huang , Kui Wu , Muhammad Huzaifah Md Shahrin , Aiti Aw , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Continued pretraining (CPT) is a popular approach to adapt existing large language models (LLMs) to new languages. When doing so, it is common practice to include a portion of English data in the mixture, but its role has not been carefully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Elhady , Eneko Agirre , Mikel Artetxe

Large language models (LLMs) have become integral to a wide range of applications worldwide, driving an unprecedented global demand for effective multilingual capabilities. Central to achieving robust multilingual performance is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ping Guo , Yubing Ren , Binbin Liu , Fengze Liu , Haobin Lin , Yifan Zhang , Bingni Zhang , Taifeng Wang , Yin Zheng

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in diverse tasks but often underperform in specialized fields due to limited domain-specific or proprietary corpus. Continual pre-training (CPT) enhances LLM capabilities by imbuing new domain-specific or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jiawei Gu , Zacc Yang , Chuanghao Ding , Rui Zhao , Fei Tan

Current large language models (LLMs) often exhibit imbalanced multilingual capabilities due to their English-centric training corpora. To address this, existing fine-tuning approaches operating at the data-level (e.g., through data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Zekun Yuan , Xiachong Feng , Libo Qin , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Yichong Huang , Zhirui Zhang , Yunfei Lu , Xiaohui Yan , Duyu Tang , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional natural language understanding abilities and have excelled in a variety of natural language processing (NLP)tasks in recent years. Despite the fact that most LLMs are trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Xiang Zhang , Senyu Li , Bradley Hauer , Ning Shi , Grzegorz Kondrak

Multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) can process many languages, yet how they internally represent this diversity remains unclear. Do they form shared multilingual representations with language-specific decoding, and if so, why does…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Abir Harrasse , Florent Draye , Punya Syon Pandey , Zhijing Jin , Bernhard Schölkopf

Despite advancements in English-dominant generative large language models, further development is needed for low-resource languages to enhance global accessibility. The primary methods for representing these languages are monolingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Cagri Toraman

The data scarcity in low-resource languages has become a bottleneck to building robust neural machine translation systems. Fine-tuning a multilingual pre-trained model (e.g., mBART (Liu et al., 2020)) on the translation task is a good…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Zihan Liu , Genta Indra Winata , Pascale Fung

Despite the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), their strongest capabilities remain largely confined to a small number of high-resource languages for which there is abundant training data. Recently, continual pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Eeham Khan , Firas Saidani , Owen Van Esbroeck , Richard Khoury , Leila Kosseim

As world knowledge advances and new task schemas emerge, Continual Learning (CL) becomes essential for keeping Large Language Models (LLMs) current and addressing their shortcomings. This process typically involves continual instruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Haokun Zhao , Haixia Han , Jie Shi , Chengyu Du , Jiaqing Liang , Yanghua Xiao

Multilingual language models are widely used to extend NLP systems to low-resource languages. However, concrete evidence for the effects of multilinguality on language modeling performance in individual languages remains scarce. Here, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Tyler A. Chang , Catherine Arnett , Zhuowen Tu , Benjamin K. Bergen

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) for domain applications in fields such as materials science and engineering depends on the development of fine-tuning strategies that adapt models for specialized, technical capabilities. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Wei Lu , Rachel K. Luu , Markus J. Buehler

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable ability to process information across various languages. Despite their capabilities, they exhibit inconsistencies in handling identical queries in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yue Huang , Chenrui Fan , Yuan Li , Siyuan Wu , Tianyi Zhou , Xiangliang Zhang , Lichao Sun

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive multilingual capability, but their performance varies substantially across different languages. In this work, we introduce a simple yet effective method, called cross-lingual-thought…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Haoyang Huang , Tianyi Tang , Dongdong Zhang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ting Song , Yan Xia , Furu Wei
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