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In diagnosing neurological disorders from electroencephalography (EEG) data, foundation models such as Transformers have been employed to capture temporal dynamics. Additionally, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are critical for representing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Toyotaro Suzumura , Hiroki Kanezashi , Shotaro Akahori

Machine learning (ML)-based analysis of electroencephalograms (EEGs) is playing an important role in advancing neurological care. However, the difficulties in automatically extracting useful metadata from clinical records hinder the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Samarth Rawal , Yogatheesan Varatharajah

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a vital tool to measure and record brain activity in neuroscience and clinical applications, yet its potential is constrained by signal heterogeneity, low signal-to-noise ratios, and limited labeled datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Enze Shi , Kui Zhao , Qilong Yuan , Jiaqi Wang , Huawen Hu , Sigang Yu , Shu Zhang

The success of foundation models in natural language processing and computer vision has motivated similar approaches in time series analysis. While foundational time series models have proven beneficial on a variety of tasks, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Özgün Turgut , Felix S. Bott , Markus Ploner , Daniel Rueckert

This article introduces DT4ECG, an innovative dual-task learning framework for Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based human identity recognition and activity detection. The framework employs a robust one-dimensional convolutional neural network…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Siyu You , Boyuan Gu , Yanhui Yang , Shiyu Yu , Shisheng Guo

Electroencephalografic (EEG) data are complex multi-dimensional time-series that are very useful in many applications, from diagnostics to driving brain-computer interface systems. Their classification is still a challenging task, due to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Alberto Zancanaro , Giulia Cisotto , Italo Zoppis , Sara Lucia Manzoni

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), aiming to learn transferable neural representations from large-scale heterogeneous recordings. Despite rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Dingkun Liu , Yuheng Chen , Zhu Chen , Zhenyao Cui , Yaozhi Wen , Jiayu An , Jingwei Luo , Dongrui Wu

Electroencephalography (EEG) monitors ---by either intrusive or noninvasive electrodes--- time and frequency variations and spectral content of voltage fluctuations or waves, known as brain rhythms, which in some way uncover activity during…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2019-03-13 Javier A. Galadí , Joaquín J. Torres , J. Marro

Objective: The use of deep learning for electroencephalography (EEG) classification tasks has been rapidly growing in the last years, yet its application has been limited by the relatively small size of EEG datasets. Data augmentation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Cédric Rommel , Joseph Paillard , Thomas Moreau , Alexandre Gramfort

With the rapid advancement in machine learning, the recognition and analysis of brain activity based on EEG and eye movement signals have attained a high level of sophistication. Utilizing deep learning models for learning EEG and eye…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Tian-Hua Li , Tian-Fang Ma , Dan Peng , Wei-Long Zheng , Bao-Liang Lu

The electroencephalographic (EEG) signals provide highly informative data on brain activities and functions. However, their heterogeneity and high dimensionality may represent an obstacle for their interpretation. The introduction of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Aurora Saibene , Francesca Gasparini

Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are inexpensive, widely used, and well-suited to deep learning. Recently, interest has grown in developing foundation models for ECGs - models that generalise across diverse downstream tasks. However, consistent…

Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals are fundamental to neuroscience research and clinical applications such as brain-computer interfaces and neurological disorder diagnosis. These signals are typically a combination of neurological…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Matteo Gabardi , Aurora Saibene , Francesca Gasparini , Daniele Rizzo , Fabio Antonio Stella

We consider the problem of estimating the difference between two functional undirected graphical models with shared structures. In many applications, data are naturally regarded as high-dimensional random function vectors rather than…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-19 Boxin Zhao , Y. Samuel Wang , Mladen Kolar

Decoding natural language from brain activity using non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) remains a significant challenge in neuroscience and machine learning, particularly for open-vocabulary scenarios where traditional methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Mohamed Masry , Mohamed Amen , Mohamed Elzyat , Mohamed Hamed , Norhan Magdy , Maram Khaled

We provide an overview of the state-of-the-art for mathematical methods that are used to reconstruct brain activity from neurophysiological data. After a brief introduction on the mathematics of the forward problem, we discuss standard and…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-09 Alberto Sorrentino , Michele Piana

This paper presents a novel approach towards creating a foundational model for aligning neural data and visual stimuli across multimodal representationsof brain activity by leveraging contrastive learning. We used electroencephalography…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Matteo Ferrante , Tommaso Boccato , Grigorii Rashkov , Nicola Toschi

Electroencephalography(EEG) classification is a crucial task in neuroscience, neural engineering, and several commercial applications. Traditional EEG classification models, however, have often overlooked or inadequately leveraged the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Kaiyuan Zhang , Ziyi Ye , Qingyao Ai , Xiaohui Xie , Yiqun Liu

Electroencephalography (EEG) plays a significant role in the Brain Computer Interface (BCI) domain, due to its non-invasive nature, low cost, and ease of use, making it a highly desirable option for widespread adoption by the general…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-13 Giulio Tosato , Cesare M. Dalbagno , Francesco Fumagalli

Eye Tracking (ET) can help to understand visual attention and cognitive processes in interactive environments. In attention tasks, distinguishing between relevant target objects and distractors is crucial for effective performance, yet the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Abdul Rehman , Ilona Heldal , Jerry Chun-Wei Lin