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The surgence of Mixture of Experts (MoE) in Large Language Models promises a small price of execution cost for a much larger model parameter count and learning capacity, because only a small fraction of parameters are activated for each…

The Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) has been widely employed to enhance the efficiency of training and inference for Transformer-based foundational models, yielding promising results.However, the performance of SMoE heavily depends on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yongxin Guo , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang , Zhaopeng Tu , Tao Lin

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity via sparse activation but stress memory and bandwidth. Offloading alleviates GPU memory by fetching experts on demand, yet token-level routing causes irregular transfers that make inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Zehao Fan , Garrett Gagnon , Yayue Hou , Nan Wu , Yangwook Kang , Liu Liu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a practical architecture for scaling LLM capacity while keeping per-token compute modest, but deploying MoE models on a single, memory-limited GPU remains difficult because expert weights dominate the HBM…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kexin Chu , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Yiwei Yang , Zecheng Liu , Wei Zhang

As machine learning models in critical fields increasingly grapple with multimodal data, they face the dual challenges of handling a wide array of modalities, often incomplete due to missing elements, and the temporal irregularity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xing Han , Huy Nguyen , Carl Harris , Nhat Ho , Suchi Saria

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling deep learning models, yet it is fundamentally limited by challenges such as expert imbalance and the computational complexity of classical routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Reda Heddad , Lamiae Bouanane

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for scaling model capacity while preserving computational efficiency. Despite its notable success in large language models (LLMs), existing attempts to apply MoE to Diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yujie Wei , Shiwei Zhang , Hangjie Yuan , Yujin Han , Zhekai Chen , Jiayu Wang , Difan Zou , Xihui Liu , Yingya Zhang , Yu Liu , Hongming Shan

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at vision-language tasks, but they suffer from high computational inefficiency. To reduce inference overhead, expert skipping methods have been proposed to deactivate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yushi Huang , Zining Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Yifu Ding , Ruihao Gong , Jinyang Guo , Xianglong Liu , Jun Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models are designed to enhance the efficiency of large language models (LLMs) without proportionally increasing the computational demands. However, their deployment on edge devices still faces significant challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Shuzhang Zhong , Ling Liang , Yuan Wang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become a predominant paradigm for scaling large language models (LLMs). Despite offering strong performance and computational efficiency, large MoE-based LLMs like DeepSeek-V3-0324 and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Xiaodong Chen , Mingming Ha , Zhenzhong Lan , Jing Zhang , Jianguo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across various tasks, yet their high computational demands pose deployment challenges, especially on consumer-grade hardware. Mixture of Experts (MoE) models provide an efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 En-Ming Huang , Li-Shang Lin , Chun-Yi Lee

Mixture of Experts (MoE), an ensemble of specialized models equipped with a router that dynamically distributes each input to appropriate experts, has achieved successful results in the field of machine learning. However, theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ryotaro Kawata , Kohsei Matsutani , Yuri Kinoshita , Naoki Nishikawa , Taiji Suzuki

The expansion of large language models is increasingly limited by the constrained memory capacity of modern GPUs. To mitigate this, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures activate only a small portion of parameters during inference,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Zixu Shen , Kexin Chu , Yifan Zhang , Dawei Xiang , Runxin Wu , Wei Zhang

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach for scaling Transformer models. While initial works primarily incorporated MoE into feed-forward network (FFN) layers, recent studies have explored extending…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yuanhang Yang , Chaozheng Wang , Jing Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models substantially improve performance by increasing the capacity of dense architectures. However, directly training MoE models requires considerable computational resources and introduces extra overhead in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Jiacheng Ruan , Daize Dong , Xiaoye Qu , Tong Zhu , Ting Liu , Yuzhuo Fu , Yu Cheng , Suncheng Xiang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Guoyang Xia , Yifeng Ding , Fengfa Li , Lei Ren , Wei Chen , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang

Accurate univariate forecasting remains a pressing need in real-world systems, such as energy markets, hydrology, retail demand, and IoT monitoring, where signals are often intermittent and horizons span both short- and long-term. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Kyrylo Yemets , Mykola Lukashchuk , Ivan Izonin

Machine Translation (MT) is undergoing a paradigm shift, with systems based on fine-tuned large language models (LLM) becoming increasingly competitive with traditional encoder-decoder models trained specifically for translation tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Zilu Tang , Rajen Chatterjee , Sarthak Garg

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures scale large language models efficiently by employing a parametric ``router'' to dispatch tokens to a sparse subset of experts. Typically, this router is trained once and then frozen, rendering routing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Boxuan Lyu , Soichiro Murakami , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Peinan Zhang