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Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models offer a scalable and efficient architecture for training large neural networks by activating only a subset of parameters ("experts") for each input. A learned router computes a distribution over these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nabil Omi , Siddhartha Sen , Ali Farhadi

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale capacity by routing each token to a small subset of experts. However, their routers exhibit a fundamental trade-off: strong load balancing can suppress expert specialization, while aggressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Gleb Molodtsov , Alexander Miasnikov , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) large language models (LLMs) are gradually becoming the mainstream approach for ultra-large-scale models. Existing optimization efforts for MoE models have focused primarily on coarse-grained MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Haoqi Yang , Luohe Shi , Qiwei Li , Zuchao Li , Ping Wang , Bo Du , Mengjia Shen , Hai Zhao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enables efficient scaling of large language models by activating only a subset of experts per input token. However, deploying MoE-based models incurs significant memory overhead due to the need to retain all experts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Geng Zhang , Yuxuan Han , Yuxuan Lou , Yiqi Zhang , Wangbo Zhao , Yang You

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable conditional computation by routing inputs to specialized experts, but these experts rely on identical inductive biases, thus limiting representational diversity. This static computation pathway is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Sanskar Pandey , Ruhaan Chopra , Saad Murtaza Bhat , Ark Abhyudaya

We present a new supervised architecture termed Mediated Mixture-of-Experts (MMoE) that allows us to improve classification accuracy of Deep Convolutional Networks (DCN). Our architecture achieves this with the help of expert networks: A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-20 Sebastian Agethen , Winston H. Hsu

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) paradigm provides a powerful way to decompose dense layers into smaller, modular computations often more amenable to human interpretation, debugging, and editability. However, a major challenge lies in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-18 James Oldfield , Markos Georgopoulos , Grigorios G. Chrysos , Christos Tzelepis , Yannis Panagakis , Mihalis A. Nicolaou , Jiankang Deng , Ioannis Patras

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoEs) models scale the capacity of models while maintaining constant computational overhead. Early designs typically relied on a fixed value of $k$, where $k$ represents either the number of experts selected per…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

Large language models are typically deployed as monolithic systems, requiring the full model even when applications need only a narrow subset of capabilities, e.g., code, math, or domain-specific knowledge. Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ryan Wang , Akshita Bhagia , Sewon Min

The goal of this paper is to improve (upcycle) an existing large language model without the prohibitive requirements of continued pre-training of the full-model. The idea is to split the pre-training data into semantically relevant groups…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ajinkya Tejankar , KL Navaneet , Ujjawal Panchal , Kossar Pourahmadi , Hamed Pirsiavash

Sparsely activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models effectively increase the number of parameters while maintaining consistent computational costs per token. However, vanilla MoE models often suffer from limited diversity and specialization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Lei Kang , Jia Li , Mi Tian , Hua Huang

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) model incorporates the power of multiple submodels via gating functions to achieve greater performance in numerous regression and classification applications. From a theoretical perspective, while there have been…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Huy Nguyen , Pedram Akbarian , TrungTin Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can outperform dense large language models at similar computation by activating only a small set of experts per token. However, stacking many expert modules introduces substantial parameter memory,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Xin He , Shunkang Zhang , Kaijie Tang , Shaohuai Shi , Yuxin Wang , Zihao Zeng , Zhenheng Tang , Xiaowen Chu , Haiyan Yin , Ivor W. Tsang , Yew Soon Ong

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a key approach for scaling large language models efficiently by activating only a subset of experts during training and inference. Typically, the number of activated experts presents a trade-off:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yifei He , Yang Liu , Chen Liang , Hany Hassan Awadalla

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable scalable performance by activating large parameter sets sparsely, minimizing computational overhead. To mitigate the prohibitive cost of training MoEs from scratch, recent work employs upcycling,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Qi Wang , Hanyang Peng , Yue Yu

Sparse Mixture of Experts (SMoE) enables efficient training of large language models by routing input tokens to a select number of experts. However, training SMoE remains challenging due to the issue of representation collapse. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Giang Do , Hung Le , Truyen Tran

With the widespread application of Mixture of Experts (MoE) reasoning models in the field of LLM learning, efficiently serving MoE models under limited GPU memory constraints has emerged as a significant challenge. Offloading the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Songkai Ma , Zhaorui Zhang , Sheng Di , Benben Liu , Xiaodong Yu , Xiaoyi Lu , Dan Wang

Recent advances in dynamic scene reconstruction have significantly benefited from 3D Gaussian Splatting, yet existing methods show inconsistent performance across diverse scenes, indicating no single approach effectively handles all dynamic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 In-Hwan Jin , Hyeongju Mun , Joonsoo Kim , Kugjin Yun , Kyeongbo Kong

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across various visual tasks, yet they remain hindered by the persistent challenge of hallucinations. To address this critical issue, we propose Mixture of Decoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Xinlong Chen , Yuanxing Zhang , Qiang Liu , Junfei Wu , Fuzheng Zhang , Tieniu Tan