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Given the increasing penetration in renewable generation, the UK power system is experiencing a decline in system inertia and an increase in frequency response (FR) requirements. Faster FR products are a mitigating solution that can…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-19 Yifu Ding , Roberto Moreira , Dagoberto Cedillos

The rapid growth of renewable energy sources has significantly reduced system inertia and increased the need for fast frequency response (FFR) in modern power systems. Data centers, as large and flexible electrical consumers, hold great…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

When providing frequency regulation in a pay-for-performance market, batteries need to carefully balance the trade-off between following regulation signals and their degradation costs in real-time. Existing battery control strategies either…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-03-24 Bolun Xu , Yuanyuan Shi , Daniel S. Kirschen , Baosen Zhang

Manufacturing industries are among the highest energy-consuming sectors, facing increasing pressure to reduce energy costs. This paper presents an energy-aware Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework to dynamically schedule manufacturing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-01 Hongliang Li , Herschel C. Pangborn , Ilya Kovalenko

Cascaded circuits such as modular multilevel con-verters (MMC) offer attractive qualities in reconfigurable battery applications. In contrast to conventional hard-wired dc battery packs, the MMC topology loads modules with ac current, which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-25 Tomas Kacetl , Jan Kacetl , Jinyang Fang , Malte Jaensch , Stefan Goetz

Battery energy storage systems are increasingly deployed as fast-responding resources for grid balancing services such as frequency regulation and for mitigating renewable generation uncertainty. However, repeated charging and discharging…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-10 Tanay Raghunandan Srinivasa , Vivek Deulkar , Jia Bhargava , Mohammad Hajiesmaili , Prashant Shenoy

This paper presents a centralized recursive optimal scheduling method for a battery system that consists of parallel connected battery modules with different open circuit voltages and battery impedance characteristics. Examples of such a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-12 Yunfeng Jiang , Abdulelah H. Habib , Xin Zhao , Louis J. Shrinkle , Raymond A. de Callafon

The increasing penetration of inverter-based renewable generation has significantly reduced system inertia, making modern power grids more vulnerable to rapid frequency deviations following disturbances. While a wide range of flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-18 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

We propose a multiscale model predictive control (MPC) framework for stationary battery systems that exploits high-fidelity models to trade-off short-term economic incentives provided by energy and frequency regulation (FR) markets and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-14 Yankai Cao , Seong Beom Lee , Venkat R. Subramanian , Victor M. Zavala

Residential prosumers with PV-battery systems increasingly manage their electricity exchange with the power grid to minimize costs. This study investigates the performance of Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Rule-Based Control (RBC) under…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-30 Janik Pinter , Maximilian Beichter , Ralf Mikut , Frederik Zahn , Veit Hagenmeyer

This paper proposes a novel switching algorithm for modular multilevel converters (MMCs) that significantly reduces the switching frequency while fulfilling all control objectives required for their proper operation. Unlike in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-19 Saroj Khanal , Vahid R. Disfani

Dynamically reconfigurable batteries merge battery management with output formation in ac and dc batteries, increasing the available charge, power, and life time. However, the combined ripple generated by the load and the internal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-08 Tomas Kacetl , Jan Kacetl , Nima Tashakor , Stefan M. Goetz

High renewable penetration has significantly reduced system inertia in modern power grids, increasing the need for fast frequency response (FFR) from distributed and non-traditional resources. While electric vehicles (EVs), data centers,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-17 Xiaojie Tao , Rajit Gadh

Frequency control (FC) enables utility-scale grid-connected hybrid power plants (HPPs) to operate in compliance with grid code requirements while to capture value streams from provision of frequency control services (FCSs). In this paper, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-05 Qian Long , Kaushik Das , Poul Sørensen

We study the optimal control of battery energy storage under a general "pay-for-performance" setup such as providing frequency regulation and renewable integration. In these settings, batteries need to carefully balance the trade-off…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-31 Yuanyuan Shi , Bolun Xu , Yushi Tan , Daniel Kirschen , Baosen Zhang

A rapid deployment of renewable generation has led to significant reduction in the rotational system inertia and damping, thus making frequency control in power systems more challenging. This paper proposes a novel control scheme based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-07 Ognjen Stanojev , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Gabriela Hug , Duncan Callaway , Evangelos Vrettos

A variety of computing platform like Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) and multicore Central Processing Unit (CPU) in data centers are suitable for acceleration of data-intensive workloads. Especially,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Rourab Paul , Marco Danelutto

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources introduces significant challenges to power grid stability, primarily due to their inherent variability. A new opportunity for grid operation is the smart integration of electricity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-30 Janik Pinter , Frederik Zahn , Maximilian Beichter , Ralf Mikut , Veit Hagenmeyer

Optimal investment in battery energy storage systems, taking into account degradation, sizing and control, is crucial for the deployment of battery storage, of which providing frequency control is one of the major applications. In this…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Jonas Engels , Bert Claessens , Geert Deconinck

Modular battery integrated converters or so called dynamically reconfigurable battery packs are expanding into emerging applications, including electromobility and grid storage. Although they offer many degrees of freedom, the state of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Nima Tashakor , Jan Kacetl , Davood Keshavarzi , Stefan Goetz
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