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Constructing and curating high-quality code datasets requires significant resources, making them valuable intellectual property. Unfortunately, these datasets currently face severe risks of unauthorized use. Although digital watermarking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Haocheng Huang , Yuchen Chen , Weisong Sun , Peizhuo Lv , Yuan Xiao , Chunrong Fang , Yang Liu , Xiaofang Zhang

Embedding watermarks into the output of generative models is essential for establishing copyright and verifiable ownership over the generated content. Emerging diffusion model watermarking methods either embed watermarks in the frequency…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Yunzhuo Chen , Jordan Vice , Naveed Akhtar , Nur Al Hasan Haldar , Ajmal Mian

The proliferation of AIGC-driven face manipulation and deepfakes poses severe threats to media provenance, integrity, and copyright protection. Prior versatile watermarking systems typically rely on embedding explicit localization payloads,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Peipeng Yu , Jinfeng Xie , Chengfu Ou , Xiaoyu Zhou , Jianwei Fei , Yunshu Dai , Zhihua Xia , Chip Hong Chang

As large language models (LLMs) generate texts with increasing fluency and realism, there is a growing need to identify the source of texts to prevent the abuse of LLMs. Text watermarking techniques have proven reliable in distinguishing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Lean Wang , Wenkai Yang , Deli Chen , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

The advancement in digital technologies have made it possible to produce perfect copies of digital content. In this environment, malicious users reproduce the digital content and share it without compensation to the content owner. Content…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2016-10-11 Sachin Mehta , Balakrishnan Prabhakaran , Rajarathnam Nallusamy , Derrick Newton

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for detecting texts generated by LLMs. Current research has primarily focused on three design criteria: high quality of the watermarked text, high detectability, and robustness against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Bu , Shiyu Chang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly sophisticated, they raise significant security concerns, including the creation of fake news and academic misuse. Most detectors for identifying model-generated text are limited by their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) has led to significant progress in video generation, but also raises serious concerns about intellectual property protection and reliable content tracing.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yu Huang , Junhao Chen , Shuliang Liu , Hanqian Li , Jungang Li , Qi Zheng , Aiwei Liu , Yi R. Fung , Xuming Hu

Watermarking is an effective way to trace model-generated content. Current watermark methods cannot resist forgery attacks, such as a deceptive claim that the model-generated content is a response to a fabricated prompt. None of them can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Minhao Bai

The indistinguishability of AI-generated content from human text raises challenges in transparency and accountability. While several methods exist to watermark models behind APIs, embedding watermark strategies directly into model weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Fay Elhassan , Niccolò Ajroldi , Antonio Orvieto , Jonas Geiping

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

The rapid adoption of diffusion-based generative models has intensified concerns over the attribution and integrity of AI-generated content (AIGC). Existing single-domain watermarking methods either fail under regeneration, remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 JinFeng Xie , Chengfu Ou , Peipeng Yu , Xiaoyu Zhou , Dingding Huang , Jianwei Fei , Zixuan Shen , Zhihua Xia

As deep learning advances in audio generation, challenges in audio security and copyright protection highlight the need for robust audio watermarking. Recent neural network-based methods have made progress but still face three main issues:…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Yaoxun Xu , Jianwei Yu , Hangting Chen , Zhiyong Wu , Xixin Wu , Dong Yu , Rongzhi Gu , Yi Luo

In unsecured network environments, ownership protection of digital contents, such as images, is becoming a growing concern. Different watermarking methods have been proposed to address the copyright protection of digital materials.…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Mahsa Kadkhodaei , Shadrokh Samavi

With the rapid development of cloud-based services, large language models have become increasingly accessible through various web platforms. However, this accessibility has also led to growing risks of model abuse. LLM watermarking has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hao Li , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Yingjie Li , Fang Fang , Shi Wang , Li Guo

Generated contents have raised serious concerns about copyright protection, image provenance, and credit attribution. A potential solution for these problems is watermarking. Recently, content watermarking for text-to-image diffusion models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yifan Zhu , Yihan Wang , Xiao-Shan Gao

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

The rapid advancement of generative AI has made it increasingly challenging to distinguish between deepfake audio and authentic human speech. To overcome the limitations of passive detection methods, we propose StreamMark, a novel deep…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Zhentao Liu , Milos Cernak

AI-Generated Content (AIGC) is rapidly expanding, with services using advanced generative models to create realistic images and fluent text. Regulating such content is crucial to prevent policy violations, such as unauthorized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guanlin Li , Yifei Chen , Jie Zhang , Shangwei Guo , Han Qiu , Guoyin Wang , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Latent-based diffusion model watermarking embeds watermarks into generated images' latent space to enable content attribution, offering a training-free solution for intellectual property protection and digital forensics. However, these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jiewei Lai , Lan Zhang , Chen Tang , Pengcheng Sun , Zhaopeng Zhang , Yunhao Wang , Hui Jin