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Dense Associative Memories are high storage capacity variants of the Hopfield networks that are capable of storing a large number of memory patterns in the weights of the network of a given size. Their common formulations typically require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Benjamin Hoover , Duen Horng Chau , Hendrik Strobelt , Parikshit Ram , Dmitry Krotov

Associative memory architectures such as the Hopfield network have long been important conceptual and theoretical models for neuroscience and artificial intelligence. However, translating these abstract models into spiking neural networks…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-02 William F. Podlaski , Christian K. Machens

A coupled oscillator network may be able to perform an energy-efficient associative memory operation. However, its realization has been difficult because inhomogeneities unavoidably arise among the oscillators during fabrication and lead to…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-04-01 Yusuke Imai , Tomohiro Taniguchi

I review and expand the model of quantum associative memory that I have recently proposed. In this model binary patterns of n bits are stored in the quantum superposition of the appropriate subset of the computational basis of n qbits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Carlo A. Trugenberger

Associative memory, a form of content-addressable memory, facilitates information storage and retrieval in many biological and physical systems. In statistical mechanics models, associative memory at equilibrium is represented through…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-03-08 Agnish Kumar Behera , Madan Rao , Srikanth Sastry , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

A fundamental understanding of synchronized behavior in multi-agent systems can be acquired by studying analytically tractable Kuramoto models. However, such models typically diverge from many real systems whose dynamics evolve under…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2021-07-28 Keith A. Wiley , Peter J. Mucha , Danielle S. Bassett

Synchronization of an ensemble of oscillators is an emergent phenomenon present in several complex systems, ranging from social and physical to biological and technological systems. The most successful approach to describe how coherent…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2016-01-19 Francisco A. Rodrigues , Thomas K. DM. Peron , Peng Ji , Jürgen Kurths

Understanding the theoretical foundations of how memories are encoded and retrieved in neural populations is a central challenge in neuroscience. A popular theoretical scenario for modeling memory function is the attractor neural network…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-17 Alireza Alemi , Carlo Baldassi , Nicolas Brunel , Riccardo Zecchina

Higher-order networks with multiway interactions can exhibit collective dynamical phenomena that are absent in traditional pairwise network models. However, analyzing such dynamics becomes computationally prohibitive as their state space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Caesnan M. G. Leditto , Angus Southwell , Muhammad Usman , Kavan Modi

Designing high-performing networks requires optimizing for functionality while respecting physical, geometric, or budget constraints. Yet, mathematical and computational tools to design such systems remain limited, particularly for…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2026-05-14 Guram Mikaberidze , Dane Taylor

Can synchronization properties of a network of identical oscillators in the presence of noise be improved through appropriate rewiring of its connections? What are the optimal network architectures for a given total number of connections?…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2013-05-30 Tatsuo Yanagita , Alexander S. Mikhailov

Based on recent work by Gripon and Berrou, we introduce a new model of an associative memory. We show that this model has an efficiency bounded away from 0 and is therefore significantly more effective than the well known Hopfield model. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-11-06 Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet

We consider the problem of neural association for a network of non-binary neurons. Here, the task is to first memorize a set of patterns using a network of neurons whose states assume values from a finite number of integer levels. Later,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Amir Hesam Salavati , K. Raj Kumar , Amin Shokrollahi

Associative memories in the brain receive and store patterns of activity registered by the sensory neurons, and are able to retrieve them when necessary. Due to their importance in human intelligence, computational models of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Tommaso Salvatori , Yuhang Song , Yujian Hong , Simon Frieder , Lei Sha , Zhenghua Xu , Rafal Bogacz , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Populations of oscillators are present throughout nature. Very often synchronization is observed in such populations if they are allowed to interact. A paradigmatic model for the study of such phenomena has been the Kuramoto model. However,…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2022-06-08 Keith A. Kroma-Wiley , Peter J. Mucha , Dani S. Bassett

We study the optimal memorization capacity of modern Hopfield models and Kernelized Hopfield Models (KHMs), a transformer-compatible class of Dense Associative Memories. We present a tight analysis by establishing a connection between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-04 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Dennis Wu , Han Liu

Krotov and Hopfield (2021) proposed a biologically plausible two-layer associative memory network with memory storage capacity exponential in the number of visible neurons. However, the capacity was only linear in the number of hidden…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-11 Mohadeseh Shafiei Kafraj , Dmitry Krotov , Peter E. Latham

Typical address-oriented computer memories cannot recognize incomplete or noisy information. Associative (content-addressable) memories solve this problem but suffer from severe capacity shortages. I propose a model of a quantum memory that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Carlo A. Trugenberger

Recent research has established a connection between modern Hopfield networks (HNs) and transformer attention heads, with guarantees of exponential storage capacity. However, these models still face challenges scaling storage efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Saul Santos , António Farinhas , Daniel C. McNamee , André F. T. Martins

Recently, there has been significant advancement in the machine learning (ML) approach and its application to diverse systems ranging from complex to quantum systems. As one of such systems, a coupled-oscillators system exhibits intriguing…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-09-21 Je Ung Song , K. Choi , B. Kahng