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In this paper, we introduce a new functional point of view on bilevel optimization problems for machine learning, where the inner objective is minimized over a function space. These types of problems are most often solved by using methods…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-10 Ieva Petrulionyte , Julien Mairal , Michael Arbel

In this paper, we propose a new descent method, termed as multiobjective memory gradient method, for finding Pareto critical points of a multiobjective optimization problem. The main thought in this method is to select a combination of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-02 Wang Chen , Xinmin Yang , Yong Zhao

Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is a structured approach for optimizing tasks with multiple objectives. However, it often relies on pre-defined reward functions, which can be hard to design for balancing conflicting goals and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Ni Mu , Yao Luan , Qing-Shan Jia

A learning approach to selecting regularization parameters in multi-penalty Tikhonov regularization is investigated. It leads to a bilevel optimization problem, where the lower level problem is a Tikhonov regularized problem parameterized…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-12-05 Gernot Holler , Karl Kunisch , Richard C. Barnard

An important challenge in multi-objective reinforcement learning is obtaining a Pareto front of policies to attain optimal performance under different preferences. We introduce Iterated Pareto Referent Optimisation (IPRO), which decomposes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Willem Röpke , Mathieu Reymond , Patrick Mannion , Diederik M. Roijers , Ann Nowé , Roxana Rădulescu

Many real-world decision-making problems involve optimizing multiple objectives simultaneously, rendering the selection of the most preferred solution a non-trivial problem: All Pareto optimal solutions are viable candidates, and it is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Niclas Boehmer , Maximilian T. Wittmann

We study a class of bilevel optimization problems in which both the upper- and lower-level problems have minimax structures. This setting captures a broad range of emerging applications. Despite the extensive literature on bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Yiyang Shen , Yutian He , Weiran Wang , Qihang Lin

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

In this article we develop a gradient-based algorithm for the solution of multiobjective optimization problems with uncertainties. To this end, an additional condition is derived for the descent direction in order to account for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-02 Sebastian Peitz , Michael Dellnitz

Multi-objective re-ranking has become a critical component of modern multi-stage recommender systems, as it tasked to balance multiple conflicting objectives such as accuracy, diversity, and fairness. Existing multi-objective re-ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Wei Zhou , Wuyang Li , Junkai Ji , Xueliang Li , Wenjing Hong , Zexuan Zhu , Xing Tang , Xiuqiang He

RL-based techniques can be employed to search for prompts that, when fed into a target language model, maximize a set of user-specified reward functions. However, in many target applications, the natural reward functions are in tension with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yasaman Jafari , Dheeraj Mekala , Rose Yu , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick

Many machine learning tasks aim to find models that work well not for a single, but for a group of criteria, often opposing ones. One such example is imbalanced data classification, where, on the one hand, we want to achieve the best…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Szymon Wojciechowski , Michał Woźniak

Meta learning with multiple objectives can be formulated as a Multi-Objective Bi-Level optimization Problem (MOBLP) where the upper-level subproblem is to solve several possible conflicting targets for the meta learner. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Feiyang Ye , Baijiong Lin , Zhixiong Yue , Pengxin Guo , Qiao Xiao , Yu Zhang

There are a lot of real-world black-box optimization problems that need to optimize multiple criteria simultaneously. However, in a multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, identifying the whole Pareto front requires the prohibitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Ryota Ozaki , Kazuki Ishikawa , Youhei Kanzaki , Shinya Suzuki , Shion Takeno , Ichiro Takeuchi , Masayuki Karasuyama

Bilevel programming has recently received attention in the literature due to its wide range of applications, including reinforcement learning and hyper-parameter optimization. However, it is widely assumed that the underlying bilevel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Parvin Nazari , Ahmad Mousavi , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , George Michailidis

We present a multi-objective Bayesian optimisation algorithm that allows the user to express preference-order constraints on the objectives of the type "objective A is more important than objective B". These preferences are defined based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Majid Abdolshah , Alistair Shilton , Santu Rana , Sunil Gupta , Svetha Venkatesh

To date, the multi-objective optimization literature has mainly focused on conflicting objectives, studying the Pareto front, or requiring users to balance tradeoffs. Yet, in machine learning practice, there are many scenarios where such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yonathan Efroni , Ben Kretzu , Daniel Jiang , Jalaj Bhandari , Zheqing , Zhu , Karen Ullrich

We present a proximal gradient method for solving convex multiobjective optimization problems, where each objective function is the sum of two convex functions, with one assumed to be continuously differentiable. The algorithm incorporates…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-18 Yunier Bello-Cruz , J. G. Melo , L. F. Prudente , R. V. G. Serra

Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) is an important problem in real-world applications. However, for a non-trivial problem, no single solution exists that can optimize all the objectives simultaneously. In a typical MOO problem, the goal is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Zhang Haishan , Diptesh Das , Koji Tsuda

Solutions to multi-objective optimization problems can generally not be compared or ordered, due to the lack of orderability of the single objectives. Furthermore, decision-makers are often made to believe that scaled objectives can be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Sebastian Hönel , Welf Löwe