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Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, albeit at the cost of immense memory and computation requirements. Post-training quantization (PTQ) is becoming the de facto method to reduce the memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Yuhang Li , Priyadarshini Panda

Post-training quantization (PTQ) is a widely used method to compress large language models (LLMs) without fine-tuning. It typically sets quantization hyperparameters (e.g., scaling factors) based on current-layer activations. Although this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zheqi Lv , Zhenxuan Fan , Qi Tian , Wenqiao Zhang , Yueting Zhuang

The transformer models have shown promising effectiveness in dealing with various vision tasks. However, compared with training Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, training Vision Transformer (ViT) models is more difficult and relies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Jiawang Bai , Li Yuan , Shu-Tao Xia , Shuicheng Yan , Zhifeng Li , Wei Liu

Transformer-based models, such as BERT, have been widely applied in a wide range of natural language processing tasks. However, one inevitable side effect is that they require massive memory storage and inference cost when deployed in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Jianwei Li , Tianchi Zhang , Ian En-Hsu Yen , Dongkuan Xu

Post-training quantization (PTQ) reduces a model's memory footprint by mapping full precision weights into low bit weights without costly retraining, but can degrade its downstream performance especially in low 2- to 3-bit settings. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Hanqi Xiao , Yi-Lin Sung , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Post-training quantization (PTQ) of large language models (LLMs) to extremely low bit-widths remains challenging due to the fundamental trade-off between computational efficiency and representational capacity. While existing ultra-low-bit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 He Xiao , Runming Yang , Qingyao Yang , Wendong Xu , Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Zhengwu Liu , Hongxia Yang , Ngai Wong

How can we accurately quantize a pre-trained Vision Transformer model? Quantization algorithms compress Vision Transformers (ViTs) into low-bit formats, reducing memory and computation demands with minimal accuracy degradation. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Minjun Kim , Jaeri Lee , Jongjin Kim , Jeongin Yun , Yongmo Kwon , U Kang

Transformer-based architectures have become the de-facto standard models for a wide range of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, their memory footprint and high latency are prohibitive for efficient deployment and inference on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Yelysei Bondarenko , Markus Nagel , Tijmen Blankevoort

The deployment of Vision Transformers (ViTs) on hardware platforms, specially Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), presents many challenges, which are mainly due to the substantial computational and power requirements of their non-linear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Mohammad Erfan Sadeghi , Arash Fayyazi , Seyedarmin Azizi , Massoud Pedram

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Gated Linear Units (GLU) in enhancing transformer models, particularly in Large Language Models (LLMs). Additionally, utilizing a parallel configuration within each Transformer block…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Mahesh Ramesh , Aswinkumar Ramkumar

Quantizing a floating-point neural network to its fixed-point representation is crucial for Learned Image Compression (LIC) because it improves decoding consistency for interoperability and reduces space-time complexity for implementation.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Junqi Shi , Ming Lu , Zhan Ma

Hybrid models that combine convolutional and transformer blocks offer strong performance in computer vision (CV) tasks but are resource-intensive for edge deployment. Although post-training quantization (PTQ) can help reduce resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Shaibal Saha , Lanyu Xu

Vision-Language-Action models (VLAs) have demonstrated strong potential for embodied AI, yet their deployment on resource-limited robots remains challenging due to high memory and computational demands. While Post-Training Quantization…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Siyuan Xu , Tianshi Wang , Fengling Li , Lei Zhu , Heng Tao Shen

Vision Transformers (ViTs) partition input images into uniformly sized patches regardless of their content, resulting in long input sequence lengths for high-resolution images. We present Adaptive Patch Transformers (APT), which addresses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Rohan Choudhury , JungEun Kim , Jinhyung Park , Eunho Yang , László A. Jeni , Kris M. Kitani

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) reduces the memory footprint and computational overhead of deep neural networks by converting full-precision (FP) values into quantized and compressed data types. While PTQ is more cost-efficient than…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Ali Zoljodi , Radu Timofte , Masoud Daneshtalab

The Mamba model, utilizing a structured state-space model (SSM), offers linear time complexity and demonstrates significant potential. Vision Mamba (ViM) extends this framework to vision tasks by incorporating a bidirectional SSM and patch…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-14 Bo-Yun Shi , Yi-Cheng Lo , An-Yeu , Wu , Yi-Min Tsai

Vision Transformers (ViTs) and MLPs signal further efforts on replacing hand-wired features or inductive biases with general-purpose neural architectures. Existing works empower the models by massive data, such as large-scale pre-training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Xiangning Chen , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Boqing Gong

We study the challenging task of neural network quantization without end-to-end retraining, called Post-training Quantization (PTQ). PTQ usually requires a small subset of training data but produces less powerful quantized models than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Yuhang Li , Ruihao Gong , Xu Tan , Yang Yang , Peng Hu , Qi Zhang , Fengwei Yu , Wei Wang , Shi Gu

Low-bit post-training quantization (PTQ) is a practical route to deploy reasoning-capable LLMs under tight memory and latency budgets, yet it can markedly impair mathematical reasoning (drops up to 69.81% in our harder settings). We address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhen Li , Yupeng Su , Songmiao Wang , Runming Yang , Congkai Xie , Aofan Liu , Ming Li , Jiannong Cao , Yuan Xie , Ngai Wong , Hongxia Yang

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have emerged as the fundamental architecture for most computer vision fields, but the considerable memory and computation costs hinders their application on resource-limited devices. As one of the most powerful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Junrui Xiao , Zhikai Li , Lianwei Yang , Qingyi Gu