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Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various applications, but they still face various inconsistency issues. Existing works primarily focus on the inconsistency issues within a single LLM, while we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Yixin Cao , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multi-agent systems where agents communicate in natural language to solve tasks jointly. A key capability in such systems is consensus formation, where agents iteratively exchange…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaolin Sun , Zixuan Liu , Yibin Hu , Zizhan Zheng

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of two dominant blockchain consensus mechanisms, Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), evaluated across seven critical metrics: energy use, security, transaction speed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Kaeli Andrews , Linh B. Ngo , Md Amiruzzaman

Blockchain is an essentially distributed database recording all transactions or digital events among participating parties. Each transaction in the records is approved and verified by consensus of the participants in the system that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Jie You

Multi-agent systems where Large Language Models (LLMs) deliberate to form consensus have gained significant attention, yet their practical value over simpler methods remains under-scrutinized. We introduce DELIBERATIONBENCH, a controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Vaarunay Kaushal , Taranveer Singh

This paper presents a study of the Poof-of-Stake (PoW) Ethereum consensus protocol, following the recent switch from Proof-of-Work (PoS) to Proof-of-Stake within Merge upgrade. The new protocol has resulted in reduced energy consumption and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Benjamin Kraner , Nicolò Vallarano , Claudio J. Tessone , Caspar Schwarz-Schilling

The consensus protocol is a critical component of distributed ledgers and blockchains. Achieving consensus over a decentralized network poses challenges to transaction finality and performance. Currently, the highest-performing consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Pascal Berrang , Inês Cruz , Bruno França , Philipp von Styp-Rekowsky , Marvin Wissfeld

As an emerging technology, blockchain has achieved great success in numerous application scenarios, from intelligent healthcare to smart cities. However, a long-standing bottleneck hindering its further development is the massive resource…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Yinqiu Liu , Kai Qian , Jianli Chen , Kun Wang , Lei He

Large language models (LLMs) face significant challenges in specialized domains like telecommunication (Telecom) due to technical complexity, specialized terminology, and rapidly evolving knowledge. Traditional methods, such as scaling…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xinquan Wang , Fenghao Zhu , Chongwen Huang , Zhaohui Yang , Zhaoyang Zhang , Sami Muhaidat , Chau Yuen , Mérouane Debbah

With the increasing adoption of decentralized information systems based on a variety of permissionless blockchain networks, the choice of consensus mechanism is at the core of many controversial discussions. Ethereum's recent transition…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Iván Abellán Álvarez , Vincent Gramlich , Johannes Sedlmeir

The blockchain initially gained traction in 2008 as the technology underlying bitcoin, but now has been employed in a diverse range of applications and created a global market worth over $150B as of 2017. What distinguishes blockchains from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Shehar Bano , Alberto Sonnino , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Sarah Azouvi , Patrick McCorry , Sarah Meiklejohn , George Danezis

In blockchain systems, especially cryptographic currencies such as Bitcoin, the double-spending and Byzantine-general-like problem are solved by reaching consensus protocols among all nodes. The state-of-the-art protocols include…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Jianwen Chen , Kai Duan , Rumin Zhang , Liaoyuan Zeng , Wenyi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have proven to be highly effective for solving complex reasoning tasks. Surprisingly, their capabilities can often be improved by iterating on previously generated solutions. In this context, a reasoning plan…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-05 MohammadHossein Bateni , Vincent Cohen-Addad , Yuzhou Gu , Silvio Lattanzi , Simon Meierhans , Christopher Mohri

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in natural language understanding, yet their reasoning capabilities remain limited when operating as single agents. Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) has been proposed to address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Xiao Wang , Jia Wang , Yijie Wang , Pengtao Dang , Sha Cao , Chi Zhang

With the rapid growth of hyperconnected devices and decentralized data architectures, safeguarding Internet of Things (IoT) transactions is becoming increasingly challenging. Blockchain presents a promising solution, yet its effectiveness…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Sokratis Vavilis , Harris Niavis , Konstantinos Loupos

Blockchain technology has revolutionized the digital landscape, driving innovations across industries through its decentralized and transparent infrastructure. These networks are primarily categorized as public or private, based on user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohammad Pishdar , Jawad Manzoor

Large language models (LLMs) can support democratic deliberation at scales previously constrained by turn-taking and facilitation bandwidth. Recent work shows that LLM-generated group statements are often preferred over human-mediated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Wajdi Zaghouani

Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchain consensus consumes vast computational resources without producing useful output, while the rapid growth of large language model (LLM) agents has created unprecedented demand for GPU computation. We present…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Landy Jimenez , Mariah Weatherspoon , Bingyu Shen , Yi Sheng , Jianming Liu , Boyang Li

This master thesis deals with Blockchain Technology in mobile turn based peer to peer games. First, it investigates the capabilities of Blockchain Technology to be used for gaming applications. In this regard, among others,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Dominik Braun

This paper proposes a new paradigm: generative blockchain, which aims to transform conventional blockchain technology by combining transaction generation and recording, rather than focusing solely on transaction recording. Central to our…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Haozhao Zhang , Zhe Zhang , Zhiqiang Zheng , Varghese Jacob