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The construction of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations has recently spurred tremendous attention from academia and industry. 5G and 6G standards have specified LEO satellite network as a key component of 5G and 6G networks.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Jiasheng Wu , Shaojie Su , Xiong Wang , Jingjing Zhang , Yue Gao

The emergence of mega-constellations of interconnected satellites has a major impact on the integration of cellular wireless and non-terrestrial networks, while simultaneously offering previously inconceivable data gathering capabilities.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Nasrin Razmi , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

Large-scale low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations offer a promising platform for global low-latency networking, aided by faster propagation in free space than in fiber and copper. In such systems, end-to-end latency is largely determined…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Arman Mollakhani , Jerayu Tiamraj , Shu-Jie Cao , Dongning Guo

Offering space-based Internet services with mega-constellations of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites is a promising solution to connecting the unconnected. It can complement the coverage of terrestrial networks to help bridge the digital…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Xingqin Lin , Stefan Cioni , Gilles Charbit , Nicolas Chuberre , Sven Hellsten , Jean-Francois Boutillon

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations play a pivotal role in sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks by providing global coverage, massive connections, and huge capacity. In this paper, we present a novel LEO satellite…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wenfei Yao , Xiaoming Chen , Qi Wang , Xingyu Peng

End-to-end routing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations (LSatCs) is a complex and dynamic problem. The topology, of finite size, is dynamic and predictable, the traffic from/to Earth and transiting the space segment is highly…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Beatriz Soret , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Federico Lozano-Cuadra , Mathias D. Thorsager

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites offer a promising alternative to global navigation satellite systems for precise positioning; however, their relatively low altitudes make them more susceptible to orbital perturbations, which in turn…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Jie Ma , Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Ali A. Nasir , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites play a crucial role in providing global connectivity for non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) and supporting various Internet-of-Remote-Things (IoRT) applications. Each LEO satellite functions as a relay node in…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jinho Choi

Low-Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations are emerging as high-capacity backbones for next-generation Internet. Deployment of laser terminals enables high-bandwidth, low-latency inter-satellite links (ISLs); however, their limited number,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shayan Hamidi Dehshali , Tzu-Hsuan Liao , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations rely on inter-satellite links (ISLs) to provide global connectivity. We note that in addition to the general constellation parameters, the ISL spanning patterns are also greatly influence the final…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Xiangtong Wang , Xiaodong Han , Menglong Yang , Chuan Xing , Yuqi Wang , Songchen Han , Wei Li

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite Internet of Things (IoT) has been identified as one of the important components of the sixth-generation (6G) non-terrestrial networks (NTN) to provide ubiquitous connectivity. Due to the low orbit altitude…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ming Ying , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Zhaoyang Zhang

Mega-constellations of small-size Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are currently planned and deployed by various private and public entities. While global connectivity is the main rationale, these constellations also offer the potential to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Nasrin Razmi , Bho Matthiesen , Armin Dekorsy , Petar Popovski

A mega-constellation of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites has the potential to enable long-range communication with low latency. Integrating this with burgeoning unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) assisted non-terrestrial networks will be a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Ju-Hyung Lee , Jihong Park , Mehdi Bennis , Young-Chai Ko

Satellite constellations equipped with Inter-Satellite Links and onboard packet switching enable real-time Operation and Management across globally distributed satellites, but also broaden the attack surface and introduce unprecedented…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Linan Huang , Peilong Liu , Xi Chen , Zhiyuan Lin , Jian Yan , Linling Kuang

Recently, mega-constellations with a massive number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are being considered as a possible solution for providing global coverage due to relatively low latency and high throughput compared to geosynchronous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Dong-Hyun Jung , Gyeongrae Im , Joon-Gyu Ryu , Seungkeun Park , Heejung Yu , Junil Choi

Emerging Low Earth Orbit (LEO) broadband constellations hold significant potential to provide advanced Internet services due to inherent geometric features of the grid topology. However, high dynamics, unstable topology changes, and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Menglan Hu , Chenxin Wang , Bin Cao , Benkuan Zhou , Yan Dong , Kai Peng

Communication between satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) constellations takes place through inter-satellite links (ISLs). Unlike intra-plane ISLs, which interconnect satellites belonging to the same orbital plane with fixed relative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-22 Donatella Darsena , Giacinto Gelli , Ivan Iudice , Francesco Verde

We consider a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite network with each satellite capable of establishing inter-satellite link (ISL) connections for satellite-to-satellite communication. Since ISLs can be reoriented to change the topology, we…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Chirag Rao , Eytan Modiano

Satellite networks are rapidly evolving, yet most \glspl{ntn} remain isolated from terrestrial orchestration frameworks. Their control architectures are typically monolithic and static, limiting their adaptability to dynamic traffic,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Eduardo Baena , Paolo Testolina , Michele Polese , Dimitrios Koutsonikolas , Josep Jornet , Tommaso Melodia

Laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) are envisioned between satellites in upcoming satellite constellations, such as Phase I of SpaceX's Starlink. Within a constellation, satellites can establish LISLs with other satellites in the same…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-02 Aizaz U. Chaudhry , Halim Yanikomeroglu